Easy Rider Movie Analysis Film Studies Essay

Easy Rider Movie Analysis Film Studies Essay Easy Rider à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ invokes both affirmative and critical visions of 1960s America, making it more of a measure of its times than either its original or later audiences could imagine (Klinger, B. 1997, p.199). Through close textual analysis identify and discuss the ways in which the affirmative and critical visions of 1960s America are represented. Easy Rider was a little road movie that came out of nowhere to change Hollywood forever Upon release, the film became an essential part of the 60s iconography, embodying the hopes and fears of the time. (Hill, L, 1996, pg 8) Easy Rider (Hopper,D, 1969) is an independent American film which was directed by Dennis Hopper and predominantly produced Peter Fonda, the film was only given a budget of approximately $400,000 (International Movie Database, no date) by Columbia Pictures but due to its success through controversially displaying critical visions of America it produced a gross profit of $60,000,000 (International Movie Database, no date) within the ten years it was released. The themes of, drugs, sex, hippie culture and racism are portrayed within the film through the protagonists representations and reactions, the way in which these themes went against the conventions of American film making by not portraying an idealistic America created controversy but also made great success as audiences could align with the true happenings in society. Easy Riders main ideology is freedom, Billy and Wyatt, the main characters, went looking for America, but couldnt find it anywhere (Durks ,T, no date) , they appear ed to find a corrupt society instead of the American Dream lifestyle which had always been portrayed previously; This film broke the conventions of American cinema and gave inspiration and freedom to all future film makers. Through close analysis of the characters representations and specific scenes within Easy Rider the critical visions of America which are displayed will become clear. The scenes I will analyse are: Junk yard, Parading without a licence, cafe, Jacks death, Whore house, We blew it and the final shootings, these specific scenes clearly portray zeitgeist creating clear ideologies which are critical about the American society. Billy and Wyatt are represented as Hippies; Hippie culture began to have a serious impact on Americas society in the 1960s, The Hippie movement started in San Francisco, California and spread across the United States, through Canada, and into parts of Europe. But it had its greatest influence in America. During the 1960s a radical group called the Hippies shocked America with their alternative lifestyle and radical beliefs. (Huber, A, Lemieux, C, Hollis, M, no date.) The clothing codes and the characters appearance instantly makes the audience aware that they both belong within this controversial culture, the conventional jackets, trousers, cowboy hats, sunglasses, biker gloves, neck scarves and long hair displays this. Billy and Wyatt did have the radical beliefs associated with the Hippie lifestyle, they had ambitions of becoming free and living the American dream; in The south the characters would have already been classed as having freedom because of their long hair , long hair is seen as representing freedom; however because Billy and Wyatt cannot find the American lifestyle that they are searching for they think that all they represent is someone who wants a haircut. ( Hopper, D, 1969) The protagonists compulsive search for untrammelled freedom (Lawrence,JB, 1970, page 665) continues and the road trip begins. A huge part of the Hippie culture included drugs, the theme of drugs is very apparent within Easy Rider this therefore displays a critical America, during the rise of Hippie culture it was estimated that around 800,000 Americans had tried marijuana; Marijuana is the predominant drug that is presented to the audience within the film. During the opening sequence of the film Billy and Wyatt are established as drug dealers, close up shots of the characters sniffing the drugs creates pessimistic thoughts about them, showing them as unlawful citizens, also emphasising the notion of Hippies being outcasts. Throughout the protagonists journey drugs play an important part in their actions; this becomes clear to the audience as drugs are presented within every major stage of their journey. After ironically selling junk at a junk yard, Billy and Wyatt next travel to a commune. The first few seconds of footage makes the audience believe the commune is going to represent a beautiful America, a mid shot of a tranquil valley portrays this idea. The real lifestyle is then revealed; a colourless pallet of browns makes the commune instantly look mundane as this is juxtaposed in the audiences mind to the valley of vibrant blues and greens. When the characters arrive, diegetic sound codes of laughter and singing makes the community seem very welcoming and living a happy lifestyle, this notion is soon changed when close up shots of feet walking on bare ground reveal their desperation for crops and food. A long camera pan then shows the depressed and desperate faces of each person in the commune, this could also represent the struggle that Hippies are having in the American society. A prayer for simple food makes the audience empathise for the characters, the man who says the pray er could be perceived as being a Jesus figure, his appearance of long hair, a beard and a necklace present the audience with this notion. Even though Billy and Wyatt are convinced that the people in the commune will make it ( Hopper,D,1969) the prayer for good crops visually foretells the disaster that lies ahead, the commune will fail because its hope and idealism have outstripped reality. ( International Movie Database, no date) Sexual innuendos are also created between Billy, Wyatt and two females from the commune, flirtatious conversations and having a naked swim together displays this idea, whilst also portraying a sense of freedom. Billy and Wyatt then move on to their next destination, they end up riding in a parade. Up-beat diegetic music of the band playing, helps the audience to escape into the world of the characters, the music also portrays an idea that America is a country of celebration; soon after the celebration begins the sound of police sirens take over and instantly the audience are aware the characters have been unlawful again. Billy and Wyatt are put into prison for parading without a licence, Billy cannot believe they have been put in prison because Wyatt is Captain America and he is Billy. Ironically Wyatt has been given the nickname Captain America, Captain America is a comic book super hero, who wears American motifs which is similar to Wyatt who has the flag on his helmet and his jacket; the fact he has been given the name Captain America connotes that he is a powerful character. Billys name could also be perceived as relating to Billy the Kid who was as an American outlaw in the 19th Centur y, this is because Billy is also classed as being an outlaw for being a Hippie. In Prison Captain America and Billy meet and American Lawyer called George, George states that he can tell that they have just arrived because they have still long hair in a scissor happy society. This displays zeitgeist in America; in Texas in 1968 long hair was not allowed, citizens had to have their hair shaved off which would beautify America, this could be portrayed as America shaving away peoples freedom, again creating a vision of a critical America. George uses his high status career to get them all out of prison and they decide to continue their journey together. During a break from their journey, Billy and Wyatt convince the American Lawyer to smoke marijuana; this could represent how the Hippie culture is starting to take over the American Society. The next critical stage in the characters journey is in a cafe, the cafe conveys messages that America can be a racist and homophobic society. A panning shot establishes that everyone in the cafe is white and instantly displays the idea of a racist society. When Billy, Wyatt and George enter the cafe a sheriff stereotypes them, referring to them as trouble makers, another man then calls Billy a she because of his particularly long hair, these phrases cause the audience to think that these men are intimidated by the Hippies which is why they are reacting to them in this manner. The notion of America being a racist society is reiterated when one of the men says that he should mate Billy with one of those black winches out there as thats about as low as they come. This dialogue confirms the audiences original instinct about a racist America. Billy, Wyatt and George are also referred to as having green skin not white, this may be perceived as representing that they are alienated from soc iety because of their hippie culture. The ideology of homophobic America is also displayed within this scene when the men call the hippies Yankee queers as they leave the cafe. After the cafe scene George is shown as the conscience, he states that this used to be a hell of a good country, this displays zeitgeist about how American society is changing and becoming more critical. Because George used to be a true American he knows what the main problem Americans have with the Hippie culture and why they react in such a pessimistic way, he informs the characters and the audience that the Americans are simply scared of what the Hippie culture represents, freedom, this explains the attitude of the men in the cafe and almost allows the audience to align with their point of view. This also makes the audience realise that this may be the reason all Americans in Texas had to have their hair shaved off, to avoid the representation of freedom. Later in Easy Rider the conscience is killed by th e men in the cafe, this displays how Americans are scared of freedom and do become dangerous to try and stop it, just like George stated earlier in the film. The next stage in Billys and Wyatts journey revolves around a whore house, this scene explores the themes of drugs and sex displaying Americas women as not living the conventional American dream, but in fact selling their body to men and being easily lead. The camera follows the characters around the house allowing the audience to see many women are waiting for desperate men to pay for their services, this creates a pessimistic view of American women displaying them as weak and dependent of men. It is in this scene where the audience realise that Billy and Wyatt have made it to Mardi-Gras, instead of flirting with his whore Wyatt asks whats happening out on the streetsMardi-Gras. The loud diegetic sounds of the celebrations combined with the overriding noise of the police sirens reminds the audience of the earlier parade and creates an enigma that something is going to happen. When the hippies and the whores take to the streets of Mardi-Gras everyone in society appears to be staring at them, again creating a sense of being outcast and alienated. The theme of drugs becomes dominant in the characters actions when they all arrive in a cemetery; after taking the drugs quick cross cuts of, religious readings, the sun, the cemetery, the sky turning in circles, Wyatt sitting on a statue, a whore naked and a deathly figure, this puts the audience in the position of the characters creating a sense of disorientation, forcing the audience to see the effects of the drugs clearly, this emphasises the influence that hippies are having on American society and the rise of drug use because of their culture. The figure in black is perceived as representing death, when Wyatt his sitting on the statue saying why did you leave me like that he is seen to be holding the figures umbrella, this creates an innuendo that the characters may be close to death, the statue in which Wyatt is sitting on may also be seen as representing the statue of Liberty, displaying that he feels America ha s let him down. Next, the iconic phrase stated by Wyatt, we blew it, is presented to the audience when the characters are sitting round a camp fire, this phrase displays how the character could not find the America he was looking for, and did not make any change to the critical American society. In the final scene, Billy is shot off of his bike by two American men in a truck, who decided to shoot him because he was a hippie; Wyatt drives back and places the jacket with the American motif over Billy before going for help, whilst going to get help he himself gets shot by the same men, a crane shot of the flame from Wyatts bike displays that their journey is over; because Hippie culture made them so alienated in American society they were killed. The final songs lyrics where ever the river flows is where I want to be connotes a final message of freedom. The shootings also display zeitgeist, in the 1960s 5 political leaders were assassinated, Malcolm X, John F Kennedy, Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King. In conclusion an affirmative and critical America is represented within Easy Rider, the way in which the themes of, drugs, sex, hippie culture, freedom and racism are portrayed show a critical America. The affirmative characters seek to find the American dream lifestyle but where ever they travel all they can find is a critical America. The film leaves the audience wondering why the American society does not let people have freedom and makes them question as to why the American dream lifestyle is always represented in films when it is so hard to find in reality. Through not displaying the conventional American lifestyle the director and producers of Easy Rider have challenged Hollywood cinema and created freedom for future film makers. From the lowest-Budget, most formally audacious or politically radical to the quirky, the offbeat, the cultish and the more conventional, the independent sector has thrived in American cinema producing a body of work that stands out from the dominant Hollywood mainstreamIt represents a challenge to Hollywood. (King, G. 2005, 1) Word count: 2310 Filmography Easy Rider, 1969. Film. Dennis Hopper. America. Columbia Pictures. Easy Rider: Shaking the Cage, 1999. Video. Charles Kiselyak. America. Columbia TriStar home video.

Child Psychology Services (Part 1) Essay

Explain the importance of safeguarding children and young people Safeguarding children and young people is a key for all professionals who work in all settings where they have contact with children, more so children who could be more vulnerable than others i.e. a child who struggles with a physical or mental disability. All children need to feel safe and secure and are being taught or mentored by adults they can trust. It is of the upmost importance that the correct people, whether they are full time employees or volunteers are given CRB checks. All agencies involved with children (more so, vulnerable children and young people) must take practical measures to make certain that the risk of harm to children/young people’s wellbeing is minimised. If there are concerns about a child/young person’s welfare then all agencies must take appropriate action to deal with these concerns, i.e. working to the agreed local policies and procedures for safeguarding children, keeping records of all reports made about the child is essential as a source to safeguarding children. Explain the importance of a child or young person centred approach Essential to safeguarding and encouraging the welfare of a child or young person is having a child’s centred approach. This could include seeing and keeping a child focused through difficulties they could be experiencing. Listening and ascertaining a child’s wishes and feelings will be important for the child, especially if they have formed a strong bond with the professional they are opening up to. It will also be imperative to a child if that professional close to them understands their daily lives and what they might be experiencing, no matter how hard it could be for the adult to hear. Crucially the child or young person will know there are people out there to help and support them when they need advice or guidance. It is important for a child centred approach because every child is different and a unique individual. A child’s wishes should always be taken into account. The national framework for Every Child Matters (Children’s Act 2004) was set up to support children or young people to ensure the joining up of services to ensure that each individual achieves the five Every child Matters Outcomes which offer support to children to enable them to be; †¢ Healthy. †¢ Stay safe. †¢ Enjoy and achieve. †¢ Make a positive contribution. †¢ Achieve economic well-being. Explain what is meant by partnership working in the context of safeguarding. When it comes to safeguarding, children are best protected when professionals know what is required of them and how they work together. This means that everyone who works with children has a responsibility for keeping them safe which involves identifying concerns, sharing information and taking prompt action. To carry this out effectively professionals need to work in partnership with each other. Unfortunately, the importance of doing this has come about from professionals failing to protect Victoria Climbie who died in 2000. Her death was preventable as doctors, police and social workers all came into contact with her and had concerns. However, the doctors who treated her discharged her to her abusers care and admitted they assumed the social services would investigate. The social workers were described as incompetent and Victoria’s social worker felt unsupported by her supervisor and described her colleagues as conflicted and chaotic. The police too failed to fully investiga te Victoria’s home (for fear of catching scabies) although close family members and Victoria’s child-minder raised their concerns. Following this case lessons were learnt and recommendations put into place to try and prevent another tragedy where successful partnership working for safeguarding should have stepped in earlier to avoid this abuse. To provide adequate safeguarding measures it helps to have a complete ‘picture’ of the child. Partnership working means each professional, (whether it’s the police, NHS, educations departments, NSPCC or social workers), if they have concerns to do with safeguarding, welfare child protection, they should work with the other agencies in contact with that child. Each of these professionals may have one snapshot and a concern that  may, on its own, not necessary need intervention. By working in partnership and sharing information the bigger picture evolves and, if each profession has a different concern, together the dots can be joined and a clearer decision can be made on any intervention measures. To help co-ordinate partnership working professionals use the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) to assess a child’s needs and use the outcomes to provide access to services to provide necessary support. CAF is a voluntary process which is used with informed consent so families do not have to engage and if they do they choose what information that they want to share. The CAF process is aimed to be used when a teacher, the child concerned or their parent raises concerns about that child’s health, development, welfare, behaviour or progress in learning/wellbeing. The information gathered enables an assessment to be made of what help is required and how it will be delivered and by whom. A Team around the Child (TAC) is then created to implement the requirements. The professionals that make a TAC vary from child to child depending on their needs and within the TAC a lead professional will have the responsibility to coordinate the work. Describe the roles and responsibilities of the different organisations that may be involved when a child or young person has been abused or harmed. When a child has been abused or harmed the first line response will be at the point of the allegation or discovery. This could happen in any number of settings, for example at school, in a medical setting or by a child calling child line. All of the agencies or organisations will need to work together but have their own roles in helping the child. – Social Services have statutory responsibilities to provide support to vulnerable children and families in need. This may be after a death or when families are finding day to day life difficult. Most social workers are employed by social services. – Health Visitors have a responsibility for the health of babies and young children under the age of five. They provide support and guidance to the parents of young children and carry out assessments of the child’s development. – General Practitioners (GPs) work in the community, usually from health centres, and are the gateway to other health services. GPs are often the first people to identify possible abuse when a child attends the surgery. – Probation Services support people convicted of some offences to be rehabilitated into the community. They have a key role in monitoring people convicted of offences against children and should ensure that those people do not pose a threat to any local children. – Police are involved in the criminal proceedings that may result from safeguarding issues. – Schools and Training Organisations are key to identifying and supporting children between the ages of 5 – 18 years when they are in need of help. All staff working with children and young people should be trained in safeguarding and protection. – Child Psychology Services will often be needed to support children who have experienced harm or abuse.

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The Constitution(Jefferson) vs The Communist Manifesto(Marx) Free Essays

Thomas Jefferson was a member of a colonial government during a time of turmoil and heated politics. Karl Marx was a Prussian philosopher and journalist with radical ideologies. Though living in different time periods (Jefferson during the 18th Century, Marx during the 19th Century), both writers have something in common. We will write a custom essay sample on The Constitution(Jefferson) vs The Communist Manifesto(Marx) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Directly or indirectly, Thomas Jefferson and Karl Marx both sparked a revolution by their writings. Jefferson†s piece The Declaration of Independence proclaimed the freedom of the original Thirteen Colonies from England, which lead to the American Revolution. Vladimir Lenin embraced Marx†s work The Communist Manifesto and eventually overthrew the Russian monarchy in the Russian Revolution. Though the contexts of the writings are different, both writers emphasized parallelism (Jefferson in paras. 5-29, Marx in paras. 24-30) to present their grievances in an effective way. In The Declaration of Independence, Jefferson attacks King George III (by using the adverb â€Å"He†) and his management of the colonies. The delegates of the colonies, including Jefferson, knew that with this document they are showing rebellion against England and have put their political careers as well as the welfare of the colonies in jeopardy. In the years leading up to this point, the British have taken away the colonies† identity, its rights to govern the land and imposed unfair taxation on the citizens. Jefferson believed that the break between England and the colonies was inevitable, and was justified by the inequitable policies of British rule. Thus the American Revolution began. The Communist Manifesto is Marx†s attempt to propagate Communism as the perfect solution to pauperism. Unlike Jefferson, Marx was not writing about the flaws in government; rather the Manifesto exposed the flaws in a Capitalist economy. Marx believes that Capitalism is just an upgraded version of a feudal society, with civilians placed into two main classes, the bourgeois (modern Capitalists) and the proletarians (wage laborers). He defines the characteristics of the bourgeois and tries to explain its faults. Marx also wrote a 10-point Communist measure that would provide for an ideal socialist economy, as well as reasons why socialism is the utopian society nations should strive to become. Lenin exploited Marxist ideals to connect with the Russian citizens, and convinced most of them that a socialist society was better than the Czar†s government. Thus the Russian Revolution began. Though addressed to different audiences, the writings of Jefferson and Marx both stressed the equality of individuals and freedom from the bondage of tyranny. Jefferson used the Declaration of Independence to stir up the colonists into action against the British. Marx hoped that the Communist Manifesto would stir up a wider audience, mainly the poverty-stricken wage laborers of Capitalist governments. Not until after his death had this happened, with Lenin in Russia in 1917. I believe that the writings of both authors were significant in their time, but it was the Declaration of Independence that brought forth a democratic government, which has shown to withstand the test of time. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the pitiful conditions of the remaining Communist nations in the world, I think Marx†s proletarian-based economic system is unsuitable for this world. Though Marx†s ideals were logical, I believe humanity will never achieve a fully socialist society due to man†s greed and competitive nature. How to cite The Constitution(Jefferson) vs The Communist Manifesto(Marx), Essay examples

Health Risk Beliefs National Of Aboriginal â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Health Risk Beliefs National Of Aboriginal? Answer: Introduction Smoking has been one of the prevalent concerns for the people in Australia especially for the aboriginal community. Even though Australia is considered one of the countries to have effective tobacco control strategies in place it has suffered significant issues with growing tobacco concerns. The harm minimization of tobacco smoking is extremely important for a country and when the indigenous people contribute largely to the economic and social and environmental development of a country it becomes much important to take into account this aspect (Abdullah et al. 2012). It is quite clear that smoking prevalence among the aboriginals is more than that of the non-indigenous people and hence it is important for the Government to have stronger strategies to manage smoking and reduce the impact of smoking(Fiorini et al. 2014). Smoking is an addictive habit and has significant health impacts and hence it is important for to make sure suitable strategies are in place which would help to minimi ze the impact of smoking among aboriginals. The present study will take an opportunity to critically analyses the subject of smoking among aboriginals and its risk minimization conundrum with the help of suitable literature. The search of the literature was mainly implemented with the help of the keywords like smoking among aboriginals, smoking risk minimization from the different authentic and reliable database system. The key points of the discussion are smoking among indigenous community, development of risk prevention strategy et cetera. Overall the present study will discuss smoking and its risks and its minimization. The literature sources which have been used in the present systematic study have been considered with the help of the CASP tool to get the right kind literature sources to complete the study successfully. Literature sources are discussed in the critical appraisal section and highlighted in the appendix section for effective understanding. Literature Review Smoking is addictive and over the years the numbers of people captivated by this habit has increased significantly which has posed serious concern over the countries and the governments (Abdullah et al. 2014). The governments have experienced hard times to rehabilitate people from smoking. In Australia, it has become one of the biggest concerns with the aboriginals engaged in addiction more than ever (Bond et al. 2012). The aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders have been seen to have two to three times more addiction to smoking which is not at all a good sign for the country (Passey et al. 2012). It could be said that the aboriginals have played a key role in the overall growth and development of the country and hence it is essential for the government to make sure it designs suitable strategies that will help to improve the condition effectively (Roche Ober 1997). It is also important to note that the indigenous community has lower awareness of smoking and hence they engage i n smoking more than anybody else. As per the records received from the above study only 3% of the respondents believed that smoking causes drug related deaths and this could only happen due to lack of knowledge among the people. Even a substantial number of females have been seen to chew tobacco and also smoke in Australian Indigenous community which is definitely another sign of concern (Durkin, Brennan Wakefield 2012). Critically analyzing this fact, it could be said that it is due to the lack of information as well as due to the lack of understanding of the usage of drugs and addiction which has exacerbated the situation to a large extent. There are number of evidences that come in as strong support to take the research further (Nicholson et al. 2015). Most of the indigenous community smokers have had their first cigarette before the age of sixteen which shows lack of awareness and education is one key reason playing in this fact, the smoking rate among the aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders are almost double, again this is showing that lack of awareness mainly leads to smoking and addiction among the indigenous people (Stewart et al. 2012). The main problem that has been there for a long time in Australia for the aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders is the morbidity and premature mortality of the indigenous people due to smoking (Bond et al. 2012). The use of tobacco is probably the most preventable cause of ill health among the aboriginals in the Australia which clearly shows that better and develop strategies need to be taken for the effective solution of this issue (Passey et al. 2012). Harm reduction stated in this article definitely shows potential to make the aboriginal community smoke free. The increase in cessa tion programs and reduction in passive smoking programs are definitely effective (Thomas, 2012 National trends in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander). The Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders are rehabilitated with certain lifestyle priorities and effective understanding of the key works which clearly state that in order to manage aboriginal health there are certain complex strategies required which would help to make sure the aboriginals are kept away from smoking effectively and make the community healthier and the future generations smoke free (Ivers 2001). There has been a decrease in smoking among the general population of Australia but slowest among women aged from 25 to 44 (Stewart et al. 2012). The prevalence of smoking has reduced significantly in the last 20 years and is likely going to get stagnated due to the deep decline but among the aboriginals the trend doesnt move visibly due to the ethnic background of the people who like to be aloof and tend to believe more on their religion which clearly makes them nonchalantly ignorant with high reluctance to get knowledge about smoking and its side effects (Thomas et al. 2012). Numerous surveys and studies have showed that the indigenous communities are interested in smoking more than the non-indigenous communities (Stewart et al. 2012). Critically analyzing the trend in the indigenous community regarding the subject of smoking it has been seen that the indulgence in smoking has reduced in indigenous men but again in females it increased rapidly. The indigenous people have high percen tage of young people and they are largely inclined towards smoking and other forms of addiction which clearly affect the overall development of the community (Fiorini et al. 2014). Passive smoking is also considered as another key reason for people being impacted by environmental smoke. It has been seen that overcrowding of housing may contribute to the higher exposure of smoking and hence it is important for the Australian Government to focus on developing effective strategies which would help to improve condition among aboriginals (Stewart et al. 2012). The author has discussed number of key intervention strategies which would help to make sure that the indigenous people are made aware of the ill effects of the condition of smoking. Up to around 85% of the indigenous people smoke and hence a large mass of indigenous community is consumed in smoke (Passey et al. 2012). It cannot be denied that smoking contains certain medical conditions which is extremely important to be managed. First of all, smoking causes lung and respiratory disease which is one of the major problems related to smoking (Stewart et al. 2012). Apart from that TB, obstructive airways and thro at cancer are also certain key health conditions that come with smoking and hence risk minimization is important. It could be said that the basic risk minimization involves quitting and health promotion (Durkin, Brennan Wakefield 2012). Health promotion focuses on the process of enabling the control over certain addictive mindsets of people and helps them to identify the how quitting can be done. Promoting health of indigenous people involves cessation program and curative services. Several types of tobacco programs also help to create awareness among the indigenous people that largely help to minimize risk of smoking for the aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders (Gould et al. 2012). There has been mainly focused on the key risk minimization strategies which have been used by the healthcare bodies to focus on improving the health of the aboriginals and also improve the overall community healthcare on addiction (Durkin, Brennan Wakefield 2012). The author highlighted the key problems of smoking where cancerous and vascular disease and heart disease came into the picture and it also showed that the aboriginals dont have proper healthcare awareness due to the socioeconomic weakness of the community (Bond et al. 2012). The aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders feel they have been ostracized or have been compromised due to their social and economic weakness and feel disadvantaged which make them take up smoking (Passey et al. 2012). To a large extent cultural and spiritual belief also plays an important role for them taking up smoking. The study clearly shows that engaging the aboriginals in quitting smoking becomes tough but proper education and awareness crea tion through smoking cessation program and negotiating talks regarding smoking (Gould et al. 2012). The risk minimization is extremely important and it can only happen when proper awareness could be given to the aboriginals and this study has showed the best possible way to communicate and create awareness among the people (Durkin, Brennan Wakefield 2012). The cessation programs and curative services organized through social service communities have been effective in understanding the resistance and resilience among people(Stewart et al. 2012). Another key strategy that the author discusses in this case has been the one on one counseling procedure which has been extremely effective for the healthcare body of the Government which has been effective in reducing the risk of smoking by making a lot of aboriginals to quit smoking(Durkin, Brennan Wakefield 2012). Overall it could be said that the discussion effective states the different procedures to manage risk minimization of smoking and also helps to effectively manage the aboriginals and the Islanders to leave or reduce smoking wh ich is important for the overall growth and development of the community (Gould et al. 2012). Many authors have had a critical take on the changes in the smoking intensity among aboriginals and Torres Strait. The author states that with more cessation program and creation of awareness the Aboriginals realize the need of leading healthy lifestyle and hence it becomes easier to drive them into programs and curative services (Passey et al. 2012). Smoking remains a major contributory factor to ill health and premature deaths in the aboriginal community which invites significant awareness and harm reduction approaches (Abdullah et al. 2014). Harm minimization and reduction approach provides greater scope for the healthcare bodies to involve more and more aboriginals in Australia. It could be said that irrespective of the approaches taken to reduce smoking it is important to put greater emphasis on smoke related training for aboriginal health worker(Gould et al. 2012). One advantage of harm reduction approach that is being showed in the study is that the health workers who smoke th emselves will be largely interested in quitting smoking. The harm reduction approach initially feels like a punitive approach that completely denies personal pleasure but it could be said that harm reduction approach is an excellent risk minimizing approach for the act of smoking among the aboriginals and hence it is definitely effective (Kable, Pich Maslin-Prothero 2012). Finally, it is important to understand how effective is harm minimization for smoking and how does it work? In this scenario, the author has focused on understanding the efficacy of the risk minimization approach and its impacts on the aboriginals ( Twyman et al.2014 Perceived barriers to smoking cessation). Search strategy The search strategy is an important aspect of a literature discussion. It could be said that most of the researches are focused on developing a strong search strategy which helps the researcher to make sure suitable sources are gathered in order to get effective data gathered for the research (Aveyard et al. 2012). In this case the literature on the subject of smoking on aboriginals was searched with the help of the different authentic and reliable database which helps to get effective data (Kable, Pich Maslin-Prothero 2012). The electronic search was mainly implemented which helped to get effective data (Tuckman Harper 2012). Database like Medline, Cinahl, Health Star, APAIS, the aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders Clearinghouse have been used to gather the data. The search strategy was paced effectively with the help of the key words like Risk minimization of smoking, smoking among the aboriginals, and smoking by indigenous population in Australia et cetera. These searche s have been able to provide suitable research data. All the gathered sources were not used by the researcher and only relevant data mainly done in English have been used which has helped to get the authentic and reliable data for the systematic literature review (Aveyard et al. 2012). Demonstration is extremely important and all the studies discussed above have been done with the help of qualitative research which has helped to manage suitable results showing the impact of risk minimization and harm reduction approach. In addition, the information on program delivery have been found out from the state and territory health department online sites which has helped to get valid data (Kable, Pich Maslin-Prothero 2012). The data extraction was supported by the use of Systematic Review Data Extraction and Quality Appraisal Form where various aspects of quality of the data and research methods and outcomes have been discussed which has helped to get the right literature for the study (Tuc kman Harper 2012). The CASP Tool for Critical appraisal for the Systematic literature review has been used to make sure the right kind of literature sources are used for the systematic review (Tong et al. 2012). The CASP tool is a critical appraisal tool which assesses the literature chosen for the systematic literature review and discusses their validity, reliability and suitability effectively and helps to get effective result for the research effectively. The CASP tool is an excellent tool that helps to search and filter the right kind of literature sources for the systematic review and helps to come to a suitable conclusion (Tuckman Harper 2012). The literature review has been done to see how risk minimization and harm reduction could be done and how awareness can be created to address the objectives of the systematic literature review. Overall it could be said that the search strategy of the study has been effective and suitable for the present study and has provided with the best possible data of the research (Kable, Pich Maslin-Prothero 2012). Conclusion To conclude the study, it could be said that harm reduction and risk minimization are two different approaches which are mostly used to clearly engage the aboriginals to reduce smoking. All the studies above have tried to answer the conundrum of risk minimization but there is still a question which has not been answered that is whether in all communities risk minimization and harm reduction are accepted or not. There are number of key factors which play a key role like the cultural and religious belief of the aboriginals and whether the awareness is readily accepted by the aboriginals (Wray, Gass Tiffany 2013). It cannot be denied that there is a significant debate over the role of the aboriginals in the society and their willingness to take the education regarding smoking and accordingly lead their lives (Bunge 2012). It also highlights the role of the healthcare workers who are not with proper training to handle smoking cessation issues and how to provide them with training. It is important that the aboriginal healthcare workers undertake rigorous training and manage their overall process of work effectively which would help to make sure the work of awareness creation and distribution of education is properly done regarding this smoking in the aboriginal communities in Australia (Roche Ober 1997). Critically appraising the sources, it could be said that the sources used in the literature are properly poised as they have mainly worked with aboriginals to get the findings which has showed that aboriginals do respond to awareness and cessation campaigns. Mostly the sources used observation and interview questionnaire to gather data which is strongly a reliable source to do qualitative research which showed that risk minimization is a good approach if properly managed and implemented(Bond et al. 2012). Overall to conclude it could be said that even though risk minimization is an effective approach it should be paired with cessation and curative services which w ould provide the best possible service to the aboriginals. To suggest certain steps for the process of risk minimization are involving collaborative healthcare work on the aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders which would be funded by the Government, training and development service provision to the employees which would help them to work and understand the aboriginals and their problems effectively and constant implementation of cessation, education and awareness programs which would help to get the best possible results for them. Based on the above recommendations it could be said that if the above procedure is followed the risk minimization program paired with cessation and education campaign it will be funded effectively for the betterment of the aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders. References Thomas, D., 2012. National trends in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smoking and quitting, 19942008.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,36(1), pp.24-29. Thomas, D.P., 2012. Changes in smoking intensity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, 1994-2008.Medical Journal of Australia,197(9), p.503. Thomas, D.P., Ferguson, M., Johnston, V. and Brimblecombe, J., 2012. Impact and perceptions of tobacco tax increase in remote Australian Aboriginal communities.nicotine tobacco research,15(6), pp.1099-1106. Twyman, L., Bonevski, B., Paul, C. and Bryant, J., 2014. Perceived barriers to smoking cessation in selected vulnerable groups: a systematic review of the qualitative and quantitative literature.BMJ open,4(12), pp. 006414. Abdullah, A, Stillman, F, Yang, L, Luo, H, Zhang, Z Samet, J 2014, 'Tobacco Use and Smoking Cessation Practices among Physicians in Developing Countries: A Literature Review (19872010)', International journal of environmental research and public health, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 429. eyard, P, Begh, R, Parsons, A West, R 2012, 'Brief opportunistic smoking cessation interventions: a systematic review and meta?analysis to compare advice to quit and offer of assistance', Addiction, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 1066-73. Bond, C, Brough, M, Spurling, G Hayman, N 2012, 'It had to be my choiceIndigenous smoking cessation and negotiations of risk, resistance and resilience', Health, Risk Society, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 565-81. Bunge, M 2012, Scientific research II: The search for truth, Springer Science Business Media. Durkin, S, Brennan, E Wakefield, M 2012, 'Mass media campaigns to promote smoking cessation among adults: an integrative review', Tobacco Control, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 127-38. Fiorini, T, Musskopf, ML, Oppermann, RV Susin, C 2014, 'Is there a positive effect of smoking cessation on periodontal health? A systematic review', Journal of periodontology, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 83-91. Gould, GS, Munn, J, Watters, T, McEwen, A Clough, AR 2012, 'Knowledge and views about maternal tobacco smoking and barriers for cessation in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders: a systematic review and meta-ethnography', Nicotine Tobacco Research, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 863-74. Ivers, R 2001, Indigenous Australians and tobacco: a literature review, Menzies School of Health Research and the Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal and Tropical Health. Kable, AK, Pich, J Maslin-Prothero, SE 2012, 'A structured approach to documenting a search strategy for publication: a 12 step guideline for authors', Nurse education today, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 878-86. Nicholson, AK, Borland, R, Couzos, S, Stevens, M Thomas, DP 2015, 'Smoking-related knowledge and health risk beliefs in a national sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people', The Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 202, no. 10, pp. 45-50. Passey, ME, D'este, CA, Stirling, JM SANSON?FISHER, RW 2012, 'Factors associated with antenatal smoking among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in two jurisdictions', Drug and alcohol review, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 608-16. Roche, AM Ober, C 1997, 'Rethinking smoking among Aboriginal Australians: the harm minimisation-abstinence conundrum', Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal, vol. 21, no. 5, p. 16. Stewart, JM, SANSON?FISHER, RW, Eades, S Fitzgerald, M 2012, 'The risk status, screening history and health concerns of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people attending an Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service', Drug and alcohol review, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 617-24. Tong, A, Flemming, K, McInnes, E, Oliver, S Craig, J 2012, 'Enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research: ENTREQ', BMC medical research methodology, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 181. Tuckman, BW Harper, BE 2012, Conducting educational research, Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Wray, JM, Gass, JC Tiffany, ST 2013, 'A systematic review of the relationships between craving and smoking cessation', Nicotine Tobacco Research, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 1167-82.