Solubility Curves

Water Chemical formula- H2O State at room temperature- Liquid Colour- Clear Melting point- 0oC Boiling point- 100oC Water- good solvent and a range of substances will dissolve in it. What happens when a sugar lump dissolves in water? When the sugar dissolves†¦ -The moving water molecules crash into the sugar particles -The sugar particles then break away from the crystal and into the water -The sugar and water particles then mix and diffuse evenly throughout.Copper sulphate- blue crystals, hydrated because they have water trapped within them. When they are heated this water evaporates, the crystals become dehydrated and turn white. Equation for this Reaction. CuSo4 5H2O —> CuSo4 + 5H2O Solute- Solid which is dissolving Solvent- liquid in which the solute dissolves Solution- the solute and solvent mixed together Sodium hydroxide- Soluble Copper Oxide- insoluble Calcium hydroxide- Insoluble Silver iodide- insoluble Aluminium nitrate- solubleMost ionic substances will dissol ve in water but covalent substances usually wont dissolve. Solubility of a solute = mass of a solid required to a saturate 100g of water at a particular temperature. Calculating Solubility 2g potassium chlorate dissolves in 20g water at 28oC what is its solubility? 2 x 100/20 = 10. 0g potassium chlorate/100g water 4g potassium sulphate dissloves in 30g water at 50oC what is its solubilty? 4 x 100/30 = 13. 33g potassium sulphate/100g water 0g sodium chloride dissolves in 75g water at 10oC what is its solubility? 30 x 100/75 = 40g sodium chloride/100g water Solubility Of Gases Carbon dioxide is the gas which is dissolved in fizzy drinks to make the fizz. What happened when you placed sprite in a boiling tube and gave it a shake? The sprite fizzed up. What happened after you heated the sprite then gave it a shake again? If fizzed just a little Carbon dioxide is more soluble in cold liquid. The solubility of gases decreases as the temperature increases.

Islam and Women Essay

If a woman is married and her husband is niggardly, the wife has the right to take of her husband’s property without his consent, to satisfy her own and her family’s reasonable needs. Also, if a woman was comfortably maintained as a daughter, then as a wife, she is entitled to the same economic standard of living if her husband can afford it. Employment Islam gives the woman the same work rights as men, so long as her important role as a mother and a wife is not neglected. The sacred role of a wife and mother is paramount and indispensable to society. Without her, the future generation would lack the healthy moral conscience that is needed for the success and stability of any individual and community. Professionalism, hard work, and loving commitment are the natural skills that a woman as a mother, imparts. However, Muslim women are free to pursue employment if they are able to, and with the agreement of their husbands if married. History is witness to Muslim women’s contribution to civilisation in various professions such as teaching, medicine and other fields. Inheritance Islam gives the woman the right of inheritance whereas in some cultures, women were considered themselves objects to be inherited! The woman is allotted a share of inheritance and this is hers to retain and manage – no one can lay any claim to it, including her father or her husband. Allah says: â€Å"Unto men [of the family] belongs a share of that which parents and near kindred leave, and unto women a share of that which parents and near kindred leave, whether it be a little or much – a determined share. † (Ouran 4:7) Generally, (but not always), her share is one half the man’s share. The woman is her own â€Å"manageress† in Islam; in discharging her responsibilities, she fully enjoys the fringe benefits that her position offers while her independent decisions and duties are accountable to Allah. Indeed, throughout history, the integrity, chastity and maternal role of Muslim women has attracted admiration from even the most impartial observers. For it is only Islam that covers the woman with the robe of modesty and crowns her with the bonnet of purity, providing her with the unique opportunity to contribute comfortably to society. What Grace and Mercy the Beneficent showers upon the woman! For every joy experienced and every effort made, willingly and lovingly on the Path of Allah’s Pleasure, the woman, just as the man, receives the same good-tidings of the happiness and delights, that are ever-flowing from Allah. â€Å"Whoever works righteousness, man or woman, and has faith, verily to him We will give a new life, a life that is good and pure and We will bestow on such, reward according to the best of their actions. † (Qur’an 16:97)

Critically and comparatively examine the extent to which Virginia Essay

Critically and comparatively examine the extent to which Virginia Woolfe's 'to the lighthouse' and Alice Walker's 'The Colour Purple' reflects the changing role - Essay Example This emerging middle class gave birth to what has since been referred to as the Cult of the True Woman, coined first by Barbara Welter in the mid-1960s (1966), a set of ideas and beliefs regarding the proper structure of the quintessential American family. By the time the Victorian era reached America, the ideal middle class life was firmly established as consisting of a father going off to work and a mother who stayed at home and reared the children. â€Å"The onset of industrialization at the beginning of the nineteenth century highlighted differences among women just as it exacerbated those between men and women workers† (Kessler-Harris, 1991). Widows, single women and others flocked to the mill towns of New England, New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey attracted by the relatively high wages that could be earned in the factories, but even this began to change as the factory owners began working to reduce costs, lowering wages and demanding more work. â€Å"In 1870, 60 per cent of all female workers were engaged in some aspect of domestic service and another 25 percent earned their livings in factories and workshops. Except for janitorial work, factory jobs were off-limits to black women. As late as 1900, when the proportion of white women in domestic service had dropped below 50 percent, most women of color supported themselves and their families with various forms of domestic service. Others participated in the agricultural work that continued to sustain the majority of black families† (Kessler-Harris, 1991). At the same time, the more prosperous married women were prevented from holding any kind of job, instead expected to uphold the traditional feminine values of piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity. However, as shown in novels of the period such as Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse and novels

Management--corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management--corporate governance - Essay Example It has been observed that there exists a high level of inequality in the society and the same could prove to be disastrous for the development of an economy. It is thus with, this objective that the recommendations are sought to improve the workings of the corporate world, encourage equality, transparency and accountability and make the Australian remuneration system internationally competitive - i.e. at par with international standards. According to the new recommendations, the key management personnel will now be prohibited from voting their shares on remuneration reports. Such a step would bring about significant reforms in the corporate world, and encourage entrepreneurship and innovation, thus contributing to the nation's economy and prosperity. Furthermore by prohibiting the management from voting their shares on the remuneration report, it would help in increasing shareholder signal on non-binding vote thus leading to better informed shareholders. The recommendations 4 through 9 (with the exception of recommendation 5) essentially seeks to restrict the activities of the shareholders with regard to their voting rights on the basis of remuneration reports; simplify the language used in such reports to make it more accessible to the investors; and to encourage the disclosure of remuneration paid to all management personnel occupying key positions in organizations as opposed to the existing arrangement which stipulates the reporting of remuneration of the top five management personnel. Concerns have been raised regarding the remuneration received by executives and particularly with regard to the level of average wages received by them. These concerns have existed since long, but have caught momentum in the wake of the global financial crisis resulting in a substantial reduction in the shareholder wealth, and the resultant consequences - those of rising unemployment in the nation. The key objective thus, of establishing a robust framework for deciding appropr iate remuneration for executives is to ensure that the trust of the communities at large in corporate governance is suitably upheld, in the larger benefit of the wider economy. The reforms in executive remuneration have been sought by various segments of the society since long, and such changes, are aimed at resolving the issues raised by the them, with regard to excessive payments made to the executives which depict their greed and mismanagement / misappropriation of funds; which is likely to culminate into a financial crisis, affecting a large section of the society as well as the economy. Furthermore, the recommendations would help in putting an end to constant public enquires and outcry with regard to their deteriorating standards of living on account of increase in taxes to bail out companies caught in deep financial crisis. Furthermore, the Commission aims to ensure through these recommendations that it will help in reducing or eliminating the at least some of the doubts and c oncerns revolving the remunerations paid to the directors and key management personnel and reinforce faith in the investors, and in the wider community. One of the key objectives is to stabilize management remuneration and prevent it

Marketers and the child consumer Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9500 words

Marketers and the child consumer - Thesis Example The paper tells that marketing to children has been of immense interest to marketers in recent times. Marketers use advertising to inform, communicate, persuade, entertain, and sell to the viewer. Children have become attractive markets not only because they can influence their parents’ purchase decision but also because they have their own income through jobs or allowances from parents. Their immense purchasing power has tempted the marketers to exploit the situation. Besides, certain characteristics such as repetition, branded characters, celebrity endorsements, and interesting production features enhance the importance of television as a medium. Advertisers use stealth marketing techniques and have started embedding or placing the product in movies or TV shows. They also use advergames where the tweens feel the flow of information. The fast food restaurants entice the vulnerable minds with the promise of a toy on their visit. Advertisers have also exploited the school arena to reach out to the children. Advertisements can be found on report cards, on school book covers, on school buses and the intention is to demonstrate their commitment to academic excellence. While there are debates and studies on how food advertising has led to increased incidences of obesity in tweens, there is no conclusive study to confirm this. However, advertising for children has certainly enhanced consumerism and the children feel they can decide what they want and when they want. Suddenly the children feel grown up and want to look and feel older. This may not be a positive impact as the childish innocence is lost a very early age. The study concludes the materialism and consumerism should not be promoted through advertisements directed at tweens. The appropriate marketing technique should contain relevant and important information about the product, its benefits and the potential adverse impact. Recommendations for further studies were made and limitations highlighted. Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Rationale for the study 2 1.3 Research aims and objectives 3 1.4 Structure of the study 4 1.5 Significance of the study 5 Chapter II Literature review 2.1 Chapter overview 6 2.2 Definition of tweens 6 2.3 The child consumer 7 2.4 Media used for marketing to children 10 2.5 Marketing techniques used by advertisers 13 2.6 Impact of advertisements on children 15 Chapter III Methodology 3.1 Chapter Overview 17 3.2 Research Philosophy 17 3.3 Purpose of the research and phenomenon 17 3.4 Epistemology 17 3. 5 Research Strategy 19 3.6 Data collection 19 3.7 Justification for secondary data 20 3.8 Data analysis 20 3.9 Limitations 20 Chapter IV Findings 4.1 Chapter Overview 21 4.2 Cause of changes in tweens’ consumer behavior 21 4.3 Marketing techniques used by advertisers 22 4.4 Impact of advertising and marketing 26 4.5 Television as the most important medium 29 4.6 Discussions 29 Chapter V Conclusion & Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion 31 5.2 Recommendations 33 References 34 Tables & Figures Table 2.1 Media Channels that reach the tweens 11 Table 2.2 Media use by Tweens 12 Figure 4.1 Tweens shopping without parents 22 Figure 4.2 Pleasure & Fun 23 Figure 4.3 Excitement and surprise 26 Figure 4.4 Lollipop as a â€Å"popping candy† 26 Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background Marketing to children has been of immense interest to marketers in recent times. Marketing campaigns have three-fold purpose –

Apple company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Apple company - Essay Example The following are financial ratios for APPLE INCLUSIVE for the year ending 2012, 2013, and 2014. Horizontal analysis compares how a company runs its operation across different segments in different years, and emphasizes on cash allocation and generation (Bull, 2008). While vertical analysis compares the amount allocated to an item against the total that was available in a given year. The current assets for APPLE INCLUSIVE rose by 27.1%; in 2013 and dropped to 18.8% in 2014. It was a result of decrease of short-term investments by 38.8%. Total liabilities increased by 44.2% in 2013 and rose by 107.9% in 2014. It was as a result of the abrupt increased current liabilities by 64.6%. The total stockholder’s equity rose by 5% in 2013 and decreased by 6% in 2014. The revenue for the year ending 2014 increased by 17% but the cost of production too increased by 27% making the net income to decrease by 6%. The value of current assets rose by 35% in 2013 and dropped to 32% in 2014. The value of long term investments decreased from 56% in 2012 to 52% in 2014. Current liabilities moved increased by 7%; this is because of increased account payable by 49%. Gross profit for APPLE INCLUSIVE decreased from 43.8% in 2012 to 38.5% in 2014. The reason to this can be blamed on the increased cost of goods from 56.1% in 2012 to 61.4% in 2014. The net income was impacted by the above increased in cost of production, resulting in a decrease by 5.1%. Profitability ratios are a reflection of how a company is efficient in generating income. These ratios are â€Å"seductive† to investors; an investor would like to know how profitable is the corporation before they decide to invest. Everyone expects to value for their money. From the above ratios, it might look contradicting how the two ratios give a different interpretation of the financial performance of APPLE INCLUSIVE. Profit margin shows the net

Judaism and the Roots of Western Reli Coursework

Judaism and the Roots of Western Reli - Coursework Example Their belief lies in the principles that goodness will be rewarded by the God and sins will be certainly punished in the Judgment after death. They also have a strong belief that God would send Messiah to the world by the End of Days to redeem his people to the Promised Land. There are also various religious practices and ethics followed by the Jews, based on their belief in one God. In addition, the laws in Torah, the Jewish bible, form the foundation for their religion based customs and practices. Their way of worship is traditional, three times a day, by reading the scriptures of Torah. According to their customs, Sabbath, the holy day of rest is observed on Saturday, as a reminder about God’s rest after creation. Also Jews are prohibited to do specific kinds of work on that day. Those prohibitory practices are clearly mentioned in their scriptures. The most common Jewish symbol is the ‘Star of David’ that is used to represent them in synagogues. Rise of Synago gues Synagogues, in the olden days, acted as a place for community gatherings on Sabbaths and festivals. Later, after the exile of large number of people from the holy land, the tradition of sacrifice ceased with the prayer being viewed as the means of worship. This established the development of synagogues as an institution where daily prayers, community meeting and religious studies were observed. Soon after the destruction of the Holy Temple, synagogues were given a significant importance as the central place of Jewish religious life, especially for their social and religion based practices. â€Å"After the destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans in 70 A.D. the synagogue emerges as a well established institution and the center of the social and religious life of the people.† (Harris, 2010). Though the actual origins of synagogue are not clearly stated in the annals of history, scholars infer that might have got originated right from the olden days of Babylonian exil e. However, there is a common misconception that synagogues started to emerge only after the destruction of their temple. This is indeed a wrong concept as synagogues always existed, even during the times of Temple. However, the key point is that the destruction of the Temple primarily led to the rise of synagogues as places of worship. Over the course of time, synagogues replaced the central sanctuary in Jerusalem holding the Ark with the Torah scrolls and the Ner Tamid, the everlasting flame. Comparison of Jewish traditions There exist three variants of Jewish traditions - Orthodox, Conservative and Reformed Jews, differing minimally and maximally by the customs and beliefs that they hold and practice. Orthodox Jews are those who attach the highest level of importance to the scriptures and the prayers, by strictly adhering to the Sabbath laws and traditional beliefs. Conservative Jews are slightly liberal in their belief of Judaism adapting it in line with their contemporary life, which is much contrary to the Orthodox Jewish beliefs which states that the customs and laws of Torah should not be altered or rejected, by any means. In the early 19th century, the Reformed Jewish traditions were formed in response to the Enlightenment in Germany, adopting Judaism as a religion rather than a race or culture. They rejected most or all of the rituals performed pertaining to Torah but much emphasized the ethical aspects of the religion. Unlike Conservative and Orthodox Jews, they hold a belief that Torah is merely a good

Apc 308 financial management Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Apc 308 financial management - Dissertation Example .. The secret of success in financial management is to increase value." (Aswath) According to Copeland & Weston: â€Å"The most important theme is that the objective of the firm is to maximize the wealth of its stockholders.† (Aswath) Thus, it has been very aptly defined that the main objective of an organization is to maximize the wealth of its shareholders and thus, capital structure is an important factor constituting towards this development. Objectives of Capital Structure Planning The importance of the capital structure planning can be summarized in the following diagram. Source: http://www.svtuition.org/2010/05/importance-of-capital-structure.html To reduce the overall risk of the organization The capital structure of an organization needs to be devised in such a manner that the overall risk is minimized. The acquisition of debt in the capital structure sets up an added liability of interest payments. Contrarily, equity financing means a rate of return in the form of di vidends to be paid to the shareholders. Thus, debt raises the â€Å"risk† for the shareholders. Adjustment according to business environment The concept of â€Å"maneuverability† is applicable in this regards. ... Thus, they need to raise capital either through external or internal finance. Therefore, a risk lowering and a profit maximizing capital structure would help finance manager to raise capital easily and efficiently (Capital Structure Planning, 2010). Capital Budgeting Capital budgeting refers to investment in projects that pay a rate of return in the long-run. The asset acquired is evaluated by various techniques so as to reach the decision of whether or not to purchase them. This is of utmost importance in financial management and thus, the technique was used by General Motors to overcome their losses in 2002. There are five techniques to rank whether a project should be included in the capital budget or not. Source: http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/17820/excerpt/9780521817820_excerpt.pdf Payback Period This technique is simple and shows the time frame for the investment’s net revenues to cover its costs. Discounted Payback Period This methodology also provides the time fr ame but the calculation procedure is different. The cash flows are discounted at the rate of the investment’s cost of capital to achieve the length of time that would cover the cost of investment. Net Present Value (NPV) Future values of the cash flows are discounted at the cost of capital to obtain the NPV of the cash flows (Brigham & Houston, 2003). The investment venture is than ranked according to the NPV of the cash flows. This technique makes the use of discounted cash flows and is quite advantageous. A positive NPV demonstrates that the investment not only covers the cost of investment but also earns a profit. Whereas, a 0 NPV means that cash flows generate an enough amount only to cover the cost of the capital. Internal Rate of Return

Education vs. Non-Education Essay Example for Free

Education vs. Non-Education Essay There are two important stories called, Front Seat Brahman and Teachers of Import that have a common conflict. That common conflict is education vs. non-education. The character in Front Seat Brahman is Sushil Rao. He is from Bombay, India. The characters in The Teachers of Import are Amarel Collymore and Elke Walcher. Amarel is from Bridgetown, Barbados and Elke is from Austria. They all moved to Queens, New York for a particular reason. Sushil did not mention whether or not he went to elementary or high school. However, from the story it sounds like he took school lightly compared to Amarel and Elke. Sushil states, I went away to agriculture college to learn how to be a farmer, but they made me dissect frogs in a botany class so I quite. So I enrolled in a philosophy college. A year later, my father died and I was kind of out of control. I quite college and became a traveling hippie (Lehrer/ Sloan, 32). This proves that he did try to go to college, but was not dedicated enough to finish college. He thought there were better opportunities and prospects out in the world than just going to college. That was not the case for Amarel and Elke. Amarel was a college graduate and taught high school English. She had decades of teaching experience and decided to come to New York. Elke was also a college graduate and taught science. Both teachers came to teach in New York because there was a shortage of teachers and the New York City Board of Education was looking to recruit teachers from different countries. Amarel was not used to the students behavior the first week of classes. She states, In Barbados, if a student acts up, they get put out the door right away. When I first started teaching here I thought the kids were raging all the time. Then I figured out its just normal for them to curse and swear (Lehrer/ Sloan, 55). This shows the differences between the way students act in Barbados vs. America. I think American students, depending on the school though; have very low respect for their teachers compared to certain countries. Elke had a different experience. She said, Its a prejudice Europeans have against blacks anyways. The movies give the impression that all blacks are criminals and they all live in the Bronx. I couldnt believe the class was half black. Most of the guys are wearing gang jackets and bandanas (Lehrer/ Sloan, 59). This proves that Elke was in for a big surprise and they were not like the Austrian students that she was used to. Sushil was more of a spiritual person rather than educational. For example Sushil says, You can live without food for days at a time. But water you need almost every four hours. Water is like diamonds. Our life depends on it (Lehrer/ Sloan, 36)! People know they cannot live without water, but I have never heard anyone phrase is quite like that. This shows that Sushil is such a deep and meaningful man. Sushil has such a great view of life and appreciates it so much more than the average American. The two teachers and Sushil make the education vs. non-education conflict have some similarities and differences. The two teachers take such great pride in their work as teachers. Just as Sushil takes pride in sharing his stories with people, cooking and his publishing company. He did not need college to succeed like Amarel and Elke, but the women definitely make education a big part of their lives. These are just two different views these people have. In a way, Sushil was teaching the people in the cabs about his country and his beliefs, just as the two teachers teacher their students. Sushil does not mention how education is portrayed in India, but according to Amarel and Elke teachers are very well respected and getting an education is very highly though of. The two teachers were not sure they wanted to stay in New York or go back home and teach. In the end, they did both want to stay. Amarel concludes with, Ive gotten accustomed to these kids. The Lord brought me here for something. I am not yet sure what it is. I know now if I hate to, I could teach anywhere. But Id like to teach here again next year if I can (Lehrer/ Sloan, 57). Elke concludes with, Teaching is a calling. If you do it just for the money you wont last. Especially in New York. Some of the teachers look at me like Im nuts whenever I talk with great enthusiasm for teaching (Lehrer/ Sloan, 61). This show that both teachers are now getting used to the idea that they can help these students and teach them to respect teachers more. They both succeeded in the end. Sushil also succeeded even though he did not go to college and education was not a part of his life. He was starting to make dinners for his friend and all his friends. Then Sushil and his friend started up a publishing company together. That proved he did not need a professional education. He was poetic and creative and that made him a success.

Final Exam Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Final Exam Study Guide Essay 1. The Final Exam is open book, open notes. The maximum time you can spend in the exam is 3 hours, 30 minutes. If you have not clicked the Submit for Grading button by then, you will be automatically exited from the exam. In the Final Exam environment, the Windows clipboard is disabled so you will not be able to copy exam questions or answers to or from other applications. 2. You should click the â€Å"Save Answers† button in the exam frequently. This helps prevent connection timeouts that might occur with certain Internet service providers and also minimizes lost answers in the event of connection problems. If your Internet connection does break, when you reconnect, you will normally be able to get back into your Final Exam without any trouble. Remember, though, that the exam timer continues to run while students are disconnected, so students should try to log in again as quickly as possible. The Help Desk cannot grant any student additional time on the exam. 3. See Syllabus Due Dates for Assignments Exams for due date information. 4. Reminders You will only be able to enter your online Final Exam one time. Click the Save Answers button often. If you lose your Internet connection during your Final Exam, log on again and try to access your Final Exam. If you are unable to enter the Final Exam, first contact the Help Desk and then your instructor. You will always be able to see the time remaining in the Final Exam at the top right of the page. 5. Assessments With Multiple Pages Make sure you click the Save Answers button before advancing to the next page. (We also suggest clicking on â€Å"Save Answers† while you are working.) Complete all of the pages before submitting your Final Exam for instructor review. Do NOT use your browsers â€Å"Back† and â€Å"Forward† buttons during the Final Exam. Please use the provided links for navigation. 6. Submitting Your Final Exam When you are finished with the Final Exam, click on the Submit for Grading button. Please note: Once you click the Submit for Grading button, you will NOT be able to edit or change any of your answers. 7. Exam Questions There are 11 randomly selected multiple-choice questions each worth 5 points for a total of 55 points. There are seven randomly selected essay questions each worth 35 points for a total of 245 points. The Final Exam covers all course TCOs and Weeks 1–7. The Final Exam contains two pages, which can be completed in any order. You may go back and forth between the pages. The Final Exam questions are pooled. This means that not everyone will have the same questions. Even if you do have some of the same questions, they may not be in the same order. These questions are distributed amongst the TCOs. The entire exam is worth 300 points. On the essay questions, your answers should be succinct, fully address each part of the question, and demonstrate your knowledge and understanding in a concise but complete answer. Most essay questions require answers that are a couple of paragraphs (not a couple of sentences) that directly speak to each part of the question. Some students opt to work on the essay questions first due to their higher point value and length of time needed to adequately address each question, but this is entirely your choice. Remember to always use proper citation when quoting other sources. This means that ANY borrowed material (even a short phrase) should be placed in quotation marks with the source (URL, author/date/page #) immediately following the end of the passage (the end quote). Changing a few words in a passage does NOT constitute putting it in your own words, and proper citation is still required. Borrowed material should NOT dominate a student’s work but should only be used sparingly to support your own thoughts, ideas, and examples. Heavy usage of borrowed material (even if properly cited) can jeopardize the points for that question. Uncited material can jeopardize a passing grade on the exam. As a part of our commitment to academic integrity, your work may be submitted to turnitin.com, an online plagiarism checking service. So please be VERY mindful of proper citation. Essay questions: The essay questions included in this test focus on the key questions the network designer will face. For  example, a question might ask you which of several different ways to solve a problem you would select and why. A question might ask why a network design is done in a certain way. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the design? Finally, a question might ask you to apply some part of a commonly used design methodology, such as the top-down network design method. 8. Some of the key study areas are below. While these are key areas, remember that the exam is comprehensive for all of the assigned course content, and this study guide may not be all inclusive. 9. Areas that were discussed in the threads will be prime targets. 10. Assignments will also be prime targets for revisiting. 11. Reviewing the TCOs, which I have listed below for your convenience, will also be a great preparation for the Final Exam. 1 Given a set of requirements for a modern enterprise business organization, diagram and simulate network solutions consisting of functional modules and hierarchical layers with respect to intelligent network services, protocols, and topologies using a network design and simulation tool such as NetCracker or OPNET. 2 Given a team situation and top-down network design tools, analyze and document customer organizational and technical goals, policies, requirements, and constraints as inputs to the network design process. 3 Given a team situation and a set of network design requirements for a modern enterprise business organization, design and connect the hierarchical and enterprise composite network models into specific topologies that meet customer requirements using a network design and simulation tool such as NetCracker or OPNET. 4 Given a team situation and a set of network design requirements for a modern enterprise business organization, select and design enterprise campus network topologies consisting of multi-layered-modularity, geographical borders, existing traffic flows, and planned application traffic flows using a network design and simulation tool such as NetCracker or OPNET. 5 Given a team situation and a set of network design requirements for a modern  enterprise business organization, select remote user and redundant service access technologies that meet project design requirements. 6 Given a team situation and a business case for an enterprise business organization, select a voice over IP (VoIP), IP telephony, or multimedia solution appropriate for a converged network design that meets project goals. 7 Given a team situation and a set of network design requirements for a modern enterprise business organization, assess legal compliance; disaster recovery; and security risks, threats, and vulnerabilities within each modular block of the enterprise composite network model. Finally, if you have any questions for me, please post them to our Q A or e-mail me. Good luck on the exam!

Creating an IT Infrastructure Asset List

Creating an IT Infrastructure Asset List Abstract This document was created following Lab #1 titled Creating an IT Infrastructure Asses List and Identifying Where Privacy Data Resides in the laboratory manual that accompanies Legal Issues in Information Security. The lab focuses on creating an IT assets/inventory checklist organized within the seven domains of IT infrastructure. Identifying assets and applying classifications to each asset and explaining how data classification standard is linked to customer privacy data and security controls. In addition to answering questions presented in the lab, I will also identify 1 piece of hardware, software, or firmware and provide a technical, operational, and managerial control as defined in SP 800-53 R4. Keywords: Asset List, Privacy Data, SP 800-53 R4, Data Classification Creating an IT Asset List and Identifying Where Privacy Data Resides Organizations who handle customer data are increasingly being attacked by unscrupulous actors. One of the most sought after and stolen data is the organizations private customer data. The theft of this information can be used for a variety of reasons including identity theft. The protection of this important privacy data is best implemented with a well-planned strategy focused on minimizing the risk of improper disclosure. An asset is anything that contains value to the organization. Inventory is considered part of an asset. The purpose for identifying assets and inventory is to quantify them and provide insight of threats to each asset. This is accomplished by using Risk Management. Asset Identification is more than creating a list of the hardware and software in the computer, it must include the information, or data, that is processed on those computers (Kadel, 2004). Part of the identification should not only be what the assets are, but also who in the organization is responsible for the asset. Once an organization has identified all the assets they can assign a value, and classification to the asset. It is important to keep asset and inventory documentation updated when assets are added or removed from the organization. Asset classification is a process in which each asset identified is given a classification. The organizations security policy should make mention of relevant labels for classification. The lab manual offers the following three classifications Critical, Major, and Minor. One purpose of asset classification is to label an asset so it receives an appropriate level of protection. This label needs to be defined by upper level management but the IT and security staff is then responsible for implementing the required controls. It is important that senior management make this decision. Without data classification information protection decisions are being made every day at the discretion of security, system, and database administrators (Fowler, 2003). An organizations Web site would be classified as minor in this scenario because it is required for normal business functions and operations. The e-commerce server on the other hand would be considered critical because of what the asset does and the type of data it holds. In the lab manual, the web server Linux Server #2 is responsible for hosting the web site. Its function is required for normal business functions but does not contain any information to warrant it being classified as Major and does not represent an intellectual property asset or generate revenue. The e-commerce server on the other hand does generate revenue and is considered as an intellectual property asset. It also contains a customer database subset which contains information that needs to be protected. One reason customer privacy data would be classified as critical is to meet compliance guidelines. For example, the Gramm-Leach-Biley Act (GLBA) is a law that was passed in 1999 by congress. It requires financial institutions to protect Nonpublic Personal information. One section, known as the safeguards rule required federal bank regulatory agencies to issue security standards to organizations they regulate. If an organization does not follow the law, they can be penalized. The most compelling reason to classify information is to satisfy regulatory mandates. For example, the Gramm Leach Bliley and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Acts mandate information protection controls for financial and medical organizations, respectively. Although information classification is not specified as a required protection measure, it is implied by special handling requirements for sensitive, medical and financial information (Fowler, 2003). Intellectual property would be considered critical because it is intellectual property. Intellectual property by its nature should be handled as critical. Assume the following example, your organization makes the best widgets, because they are the best, consumers are willing to pay extra for your widgets. This is because they perform better, and last longer than all other widgets being offered by your competitors. If the competitors had access to your widgets design and manufacturing process, your company would lose its competitive advantage over that competitor. Consumers would no longer rate your widgets as the best, and would buy competitors widgets. Loss of this intellectual property would result in your organizations loss of their competitive advantage and revenue. Some security controls for HIPAA compliance is subcategory PR.DS-5: Protections against data leaks are implanted this can be mapped to the NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 4 controls of AC-4, AC-5, AC-6, PE-19, PS-3, PS-6, SC-7, SC-8, SC-13, SC-32, and SI-4 (HHS, 2016). AC-4 as defined by the NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 4 is referred to as information flow enforcement. Flow control restrictions include, for example, keeping export-controlled information from being transmitted in the clear to the Internet, blocking outside traffic that claims to be from within the same organization (NIST, 2003). A data classification standard helps with asset classification because it sets a framework for uniformly assignment of classification. This in turn gives the organization guidance on what assets are most important and need to have the highest security controls implemented. This is also beneficial because it gives members of the organization an easy way to determine how to handle such assets. Under the SI family of the NIST 800-53 Rev 4, you could implement SI-16 known as Memory Protection. You could implement data execution prevention, and address space layout randomization. You could also implement SI-7 known as Software, Firmware, and Information Integrity. The intent of this control is to protect against unauthorized changes to software, or firmware. This should be implemented using an integrity verification tool, that reports any inconsistencies or changes that were not approved. In the IA family, you could implement Identifier Management or IA-4. In this case the organization could user role based access to the server. If your user account does not have access to the resource, you will not be able to access it. I would recommend implicating two factor authentications for all users in the Mock infrastructure. This is important because one factor authentication such as something you know is considered a weak form of authentication. A solution such as a device that generates a random token that is also used would make the customer data much more secure. I would also implement a encrypted VPN solution for users that connect over to the ASA_student switch. A VPN uses a secure tunnel and all traffic through the tunnel will be encrypted. Last, I would make modifications to the network layout, the current layout does not allow for protective isolations. For example, the web server should be positioned in a DMZ and separated from the other components of the network. An organization can use risk analysis to help mitigate risks, threats, and liabilities. A risk assessment is used to document the identity of assets, threats, and how the organization wants to mitigate the risk. The overall purpose of risk analysis is to identify the assets within a company and their value so that you can identify threats against those assets (Clark, 2014). The risk assessment is broken in to separate phases. The first phase is the identification of assets in this phase the organization identifies the assets. The second phase, focuses on identification of threats to each asset. It is important to understand that most of the threats come from the fact that weaknesses, or vulnerabilities, exist in the assets of the business (Clark, 2014). The third phase known as the impact analysis phase. The goal of impact analysis is to identify what the result of the threat occurring would be on the business (Clark, 2014). The fourth phase known as threat prioritization. In this ph ase the organization needs to prioritize the threats against each asset. You must prioritize the threats based on their impact and probability of occurring (Clark, 2014). The fifth phase, known as mitigation is the step that in most cases implements a security control to lower the risk associated with a threat. This is the phase where a control is implemented to reduce the risks, threats and liabilities. The last and final step, is evaluation of residual risk. This is looking at the remaining threats and deciding if the organization has properly mitigated the risk. It is critical to express this residual risk to management and decide if you are willing to accept that residual risk or need to implement additional solutions (Clark, 2014). True, under both HIPAA and GLBA it calls for an implementation of IT security policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines. GLBA is comprised of the Privacy Rule, Safeguard Rule, and Pretexting Rule. The safe guards rule calls for each of the regulatory agencies to establish security standards. The FTC Safeguards Rule requires financial institutions to create a written information security program (Grama , 2015). HIPAA also calls for a similar implementation of security policies. 45 C.F.R. 164.316 calls for covered entities and business associates to, implement reasonable and appropriate policies and procedures to comply with the standards, implementation specifications, or other requirements of this subpart, taking into account those factors specified in statute 164.306(b)(2). It is important to identify where privacy data resides so that proper controls can be placed on that privacy data. This is also important so that management and staff know if any changes made to places where privacy data resides, they leave the protections planned for and implemented in place. This is important for those organizations who are required to follow legislation such as the GLBA and HIPPA. I choose the workstations in the user domain indicated in B in the lab manual. The operational control I choose is AC-9 which informs the user upon successful login, the last day and time of login. This is important because it give the user information relative to the last time their credentials were used. If a user was not at work or did not logon on the last logon shown they would be aware that their credentials have been used by someone else. The one technical control I choose for this piece of hardware is AU-3 which lays out the ground work in regards to audit records. This is important because unsuccessful, and successful logins will be recorded in the audit logs. The managerial control I choose to apply, is AC-2 which involves controls on account management. This is important for workstations to control access. It also defines who should have access to different resources and monitors the use of the information system accounts. References Fowler, S. (2003, February 28). Information Classification Who, Why and How. Retrieved March 11, 2017, from https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/auditing/information-classification-who-846 Kadel, L. A. (2004, March 24). Designing and Implementing an Effective InformationSecurity Program: Protecting the Data Assets of Individuals, Small and Large Businesses. Retrieved March 11, 2017, from https://www.sans.org/reading room/whitepapers/hsoffice/designing-implementing-effective-information-security- program-protecting-data-assets-of-1398 Grama, J. L. (2015). Legal Issues in Information Security; Second Edition. Jones and Bartlett Learning. Clark, G.E. (2014). CompTIA Security+ Certification Study Guide (exam SY0-401). Mcgraw-Hill Education. Stewart, J. M. (2014). Network Security; Firewalls and Vpns: Second Edition. Jones and Bartlett Learning.

Kingston and Moraga Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In their books â€Å"The Woman Warrior† and â€Å"Loving in the War Years,† Maxine Hong Kingston and Cherrie Moraga write about the persistence of social oppression. They also describe the dynamics of race, sexuality, and gender in everyday experience. Through reading these books I have picked up on several significant events which illustrate these issues. The correlation between these two authors is the importance placed upon these issues that seem to be underlying themes in both books. The persistence of social oppression is an obvious theme in Kingston’s â€Å"The Woman Warrior†. One can pickup on this from the first chapter quite easily. Through Kingston’s recount of the story her mother told her about her father’s sister we can see how cruelly women could be treated in China at that time. In this â€Å"talk-story† as her mother calls it, we learn that Kingston had an aunt who never left China. This aunt was shunned by her village and family for becoming pregnant by a man who was not her husband. The details surrounding this man and their relationship are shady and uncertain, however the villagers decide to ransack her home, slaughtering the family's livestock and destroying their crop. The relationship with this story and the theme of social oppression comes later in the chapter. We learn that after her home was destroyed, made outcast by her family, Kingston’s aunt crawls into the barn and gives birth to the child. She feeds the child and later carries it to ...

Groves and the Atomic Bomb :: Essays Papers

Groves and the Atomic Bomb â€Å"Desire is the key to motivation, but it’s determination and commitment to an unrelenting pursuit of your goal - a commitment to excellence - that will enable you to attain the success you seek,† said Mario Andretti, a famous racecar driver (FamousQuotes.com). When taking on a project or job, people must have a strong mind and heart to achieve their goal. People may face many obstacles, but leaders can find ways to rise above them with determination. In the end, those dedicated will succeed and accomplish their goals. With determination, General Groves managed to greatly aid the development of the atomic bomb. Leslie R. Groves was in charge of the Manhattan Project and authorized sites to be found for the production of the atomic bomb, which had to match his criteria. A site had to reach certain criteria in order for it to be made into a facility in helping to produce the atomic bomb. Part of Groves’ criteria was that a site had to be twenty miles from any town made up of a thousand people or more (Goldberg, Atomic 50). The reason a site had to be away from a large town was in case of an accident at the facility. Groves also said, â€Å"No main highway or railroad should be closer than 10 miles to the nearest pile or separation plant† (Groves 71). This criterion was important because no one should be able to get close to the site and wonder why it was being built. Altogether, specific criteria had to be met to protect the security of the atomic bomb project and to protect the people that lived around the area. Even though finding a perfect location site seemed dif ficult, Groves knew that it was possible to find a site that matched the specifications for an atomic bomb production site. Groves and his administration found land in Tennessee that matched the specific criteria. Groves acquired Oak Ridge, â€Å"59000 acres of Appalachian semiwilderness along the Clinch River in eastern Tennessee [†¦] for the Manhattan Engineer District as one of his first official acts† (Rhodes 486). This land was large enough to house a facility and was an acceptable distance away from other towns.

Junot Diaz Bio Essay

Lent DDS was born In the Dominican Republic and raised New Jersey. He Is a creative writing teacher at MIT and fiction editor at the Boston Review. He also serves on the board of advisers for the Freedom university, a Volunteer organization in Georgia that provides post-secondary instruction to undocumented immigrants. From what I have read I have gathered that he really had to rely on himself. Getting him through college working the Jobs where you have to do the dirty work, dishes, and pumping-gas. Supposedly Drown reflects Diaz’s strained relationship with his own father, with whom he no longer keeps in contact with. Diaz was born in Villa Juana, a neighborhood in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. He was the third child in a family of five. Through most of his childhood he lived with his mother and grandparents while his father worked in the united States. Diaz emigrated to Parlin, New Jersey, in December of 1974, where he was able to reunite with his father. He lived close to what he considered one of the largest landfills in New Jersey. His short fiction has appeared In The New Yorker magazine, which listed him as one of the 20 top writers for the 21st He has also been published in Story, The Paris Review, and in the anthologies The Best American Short Stories four times (1996, 1997, 1999, 2000), The PEWO. Henry prize stones (2009), and African voices. He s best known for his two major works: the short story collection Drown (1996) and the novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (2007). 80th were published to critical acclaim and he won the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for the latter. Diaz himself has described his writing style as a disobedient child of New Jersey and the Dominican Republic If that can be possibly Imagined with way too much Diaz has received a Eugene McDermott Award, a fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, a Lila Acheson Wallace Readers Digest Award, the 2002 PEN/Malamud Award, the 2003 us-Japan Creative Artist Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts, a fellowship at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard university and the Rome Prize from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He was selected as one of the 39 most important Latin American writers under the age of 39 by the Bogota World Book Capital and the Hay Festival. [18] In September 2007, Miramax acquired the rights for a film adaptation of The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. [19] The stories in Drown ocus on the teenage narrator’s impoverished, fatherless youth in the Dominican Republic and his struggle adapting to his new life in New Jersey. Reviews were generally strong but not without complaints. 20] Diaz read twice for PRI’s This American Life

Juliet And Her Romeo Essay

â€Å"For never was there a story of more woe than this of Juliet and her Romeo†. Romeo and Juliet is a tragic love story. Whose tragedy is it? Through the metrical composition of the closing lines of the play, Shakespeare informs the audience on whose tragedy Romeo and Juliet is about. By addressing the last verse of the play to us in pyrrhic pentameter, he is suggesting a victory which has come about at too great a cost. The pace of time amplifies the tragic quality of the play. Time is used to set things in a motion that they spiral out of control. Instead of logical decisions, everything is controlled by emotions, which ultimately leads Romeo and Juliet to their path of death. However, Shakespeare’s deliberate use of pyrrhic pentameter reinforces the sound of a pyrrhic victory. Besides the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, there is something more pervasive suggested, as many characters thereafter also suffer as a consequence of this tragedy, such as the parents and Paris . Essentially, the story is Romeo and Juliet’s tragedy because they are young and pay the ultimate price for their passionate ‘true love’. The chorus tells us that the lovers are necessary sacrifices. Nothing but their death can â€Å"bury their parents’ strife†. Through the words â€Å"here’s much to do with hate, but more with love†, Shakespeare suggests how the world of the play is initially sprouted by hate between two families. So the paradox with Romeo and Juliet is how the one thing that defines them is ultimately the one thing which separates them. Not only are they victims of their families hatred, they are also victim to piteous overthrows and misguided plans which were supposed to unite them. By disregarding patriarchal imperatives and escaping to a world without parents, they place their trust in orders, such as Friar Lawrence and the Nurse. In doing that, they subject themselves to piteous overthrows. Their tragedy is that they have nowhere to turn. In an attempt to come together, the true lovers die; their love was â€Å"death-marked†. They are inexperienced and have the idealistic ardour of first love. Hence, their love is pure. The poetry of the play is written as beautifully and pure as the love it speaks of as this purity enhances the tragedy presented in the play for Romeo and Juliet. It is the parents’ tragedy in this play because of their disobedient children. Romeo and Juliet’s rebellion ultimately leads to them to their own deaths and consequently, the only succession to the Capulet and Montague’s family name is lost. Upon Juliet’s death, Capulet expresses lamentation to this loss of  succession through his words â€Å"death is my heir†. The children’s fatal flaws ultimately pave their parents’ tragedy. The children took little honour in their names and treated it as if it were a piece of clothing which they could just throw away. Juliet questions â€Å"what’s in a name?† and expresses dishonour to the significance of her family name. Juliet’s lack of pride leads her to Romeo, which ultimately leads her to death. Hence, her lack of pride is her fatal flaw. If she had pride in her name, she would not have allowed herself to love Romeo and hence, would not have died. If they did not die, the story would not have been their parent’s tragedy, as they would not have lost their children, or their successor to their family name. Of all the young men who die in the play, Paris is the greatest victim of all, because he dies from being a victim of both love and death. Essentially, Paris was not even part of the two families’ battle. Rather, he was dragged into the whole mess as a result of associations. For the other young men in the story, their tragedy had come about as a result of the ancient grudge however for Paris, he was a victim of love. He dies as a consequence of love in both ways; Romeo’s love for Juliet as well as his own love for Juliet. Paris was a nice guy who happened to get caught in someone else’s love story. As Juliet’s love for Romeo deepens, Paris is increasingly ignored by her. Hence, not only is it a tragic end for Paris in that he dies by the end of the play, but his beloved Juliet also dies and the fact that he never received Juliet’s love or attention since the start adds further depth to his tragedy. Through the use of pyrrhic pentameter, Shakespeare allows us to ‘hear’ as well as understand the pyrrhic victory taken place in the play. The constant battle between family Montague and the family Capulet is the spark which sets off the train for future misfortunes. Romeo and Juliet’s forbidden pure love is definitely a major factor which contributes to the tragedy of both these young lovers. For the parents, their children’s grave death, tragic in itself, also marks the death of their own succession to the family names. For Paris, his tragedy is bought about as a consequence of love. Ultimately, the catastrophic end to Romeo and Juliet is a t ragedy which affects everyone in the play.

Anatomy and physiology of the human body Essay

Each week, the discussion questions will examine issues in the reading. This thread is meant to foster a better understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the human body and how that knowledge is applied to in real life situations. Discussion responses should be on topic, original, and contribute to the quality of the discussion by making frequent informed references to lesson material. Initial discussion responses should be around 100 words; responses to your classmates or instructor should be around 75 words. Make two or more responses to classmates that are thoughtful and that advance the discussion of each topic. Your initial response is to be made no later than Saturday 11:59 PM of the current unit. Additional responses are to be made no later than Tuesday 11:59 PM of the current unit. Your posts are to be substantive, referenced and free of grammatical and spelling errors. When you are ready, respond to one of the topics below. Please be sure to specify which topic you are responding to. 1. Discuss the different types of blood vessels and how their structure is uniquely suited to their functions. 2. Choose a major region of the body (for example, the thorax) and discuss the arteries and veins of that region. 3. Discuss the positive and possible negative effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system. 4. Identify and discuss the primary factors involved in the generation and regulation of blood pressure and explain the relationships among these factors. 5. Explain why a pressure difference must exist between the aorta and the right atrium. 6. Explain hepatic portal circulation. How is it different from normal circulation, and what advantages are gained from this type of circulation? This is a fun topic for a fitness trainer. The cardiovascular system is complex, but it’s even more complex when you start to factor in exercise while explaining it. Aerobic fitness is an important component of physical fitness. When your muscles need oxygen, your aerobic (cardiovascular) system must be able to efficiently deliver it to them. When your body has waste products that need to be expelled (e.g. carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products), your heart-lung complex must be up to the task. These two tasks form the functional basis of aerobic fitness. Positive effects include increasing your level of available energy, aid in relieving depression, reduce the risk of heart disease, increase the good (HDL) cholesterol. Everyone needs to be able to efficiently take oxygen into their lungs and blood and pump it to their working muscles where it is utilized to oxidize carbohydrates and fats to produce energy. If you are concerned about your health, particularly the risk of heart disease, you need to accept the fact that aerobic training can have a critical effect on the quantity and quality of your life. Some negative effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system can include a possible heart attack or stroke. Some people can tend to push themselves to hard or they can start off working out by pushing their heart a little harder than it’s used to. It’s not a very good idea to go out and try to run a marathon if you’ve spent most of your life sedentary. I used to be one of those people until I found out in 2007 that I had Tachycardia (a heart rate that is too fast). I had to adjust my workouts to accommodate the situation to include slowing down my runs and taking longer rest intervals when lifting weights.

A Creative Response to Belonging

Ryan’s Story – Untitled so far You stay in your room like a locked away Rapunzel. Well not locked in fact – matter of the choice rather. It’s like fiery dragons attack you every time you attempt to escape your temple. You study, you work, study again, read some, then you study some more. It’s the same repetitive routine throughout your days between the same four egg-white walls. ‘No common sense! ’ you are told. ‘None what-so-ever’, burns your delicate skin. What are you supposed to do? Visit the Wizard of Oz and ask for a glass brain? Or maybe obsess with Thomas Paine for a week or two? No, only the flame throwers presented at the exit is awaiting your so called ‘enlightenment’ – and even the pain isn’t crossed knuckles with humiliation. You feel trapped but simultaneously free – free from any such connection with the fire you have been accustomed to or rather such societal dictatorship controlling your every thought, presenting a more confused, liberated Rapunzel. You are somewhat connected with surrounding people despite the closed door. An interconnected spider’s web comes to mind, perhaps behind a series of branches and scuffled leaves. Even though you are somewhat acquainted with these people, you can never seem physically ‘connected’ with them. Maybe it’s the closed door? Or maybe it’s the fact that you over-analyse everything until the point where self-disappointment slaps your red hard across the face. All you want is to be alone, far from what these people think, but yet want to be a part of the envious spider’s web large enough for your contribution but possibly not strong enough. You think of a similar case of Emily Dickinson. She wants to post her letter, she wants to publish her poetry but in the end she doesn’t because of fear. Fear of what other people may think if it, ever so lonely in her secluding room. That similar closed door painful to think about, but comforting to realise collectively. What people think of you, it’s a scary thought really. What thoughts scatter around in other’s brains, without your control or prejudice. You look outside your window, rather similar to the day before. A sky filled with cloud secluding the sun’s precious touch. The lime tree half dying, half growing in the midst of an insect infested environment. The green grass connected to the thin line of stalk, reaches higher to the sky then your window does, awkwardly enough. You refrain from such a scene and reach back into one of your books awaiting another life far from here – rather to the City of Invention you are peculiar about. If ever you yourself were to write a novel, short story, poem, script or anything of the sort – it would be one of such power and profit. The antagonist would be a devilish character, somewhat misunderstood in more ways than one Then maybe your dragons could have spot for fame – a Rocky Horror show without the horror†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. wait, maybe with the horror as well. The devilish character’s name would be Thomothius, Thom for short. He would attempt to escape the cannibalistic village he was forced to inhabit. A woman, always admired by Thom would stop him in his tracks and lure him underground. There she would drill question upon answer into Thom’s poor glass brain until Thom were to surface again as a farfetched Steven King character. From this point in time, villagers notice this strange happening and fear for their lives. (Cannibals fearing their lives, who could imagine? ) The King and Queen Dragonheart would encompass their power upon the false notions of their people and hang poor Thom for the villagers to see like the mouldy and grass infested socks pegged to the clothes line in the corner of your window. This of course will create peace and prosperous tranquillity to roam around the various blood-stained streets, never really understanding what evil was present. Not really profitable when rethought about. Here you fall out of this novel and back into the silent pages you hold. Your silent tear will continue to rise like condensation, above all morals and belief that confide in your pride. From this, what is needed to be understood? It is that you will not find your Mr Darcy stuck between the space between your window and your room. It is that you will not have a happy ending unless you face your demons, or in this case dragons. Yet you remain silent in your room, thinking of how this Thom could be the only person you can really connect with.

Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Bbevaviour in Terms

ESSAY TITLE: â€Å" BEHAVIOURISTS EXPLAIN MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOUR IN TERMS OF THE LEARNING PRINCIPLES THAT SUSTAIN AND MAINTAIN IT. DISCUSS THIS STATEMENT AND SHOW HOW A BEHAVIOURIST’S APPROACCH TO THERAPY IS IN STARK CONTRAST TO A PSYCHOANALYTIC ONE† Behaviourism is a movement within psychology that works on the principle that all behaviour is â€Å"learned† , that we were all born with a â€Å"blank slate†.Behavioural approaches use strict experimental measures to study observable behaviour ( or responses ) in relation to the environment, thus resulting in the maladaptive behavioural approaches that we employ to deal with our learning. Behaviourism was first developed in the early 20th century by an American psychologist John B Watson, who at the time was working in the field of animal psychology. He believed that all behaviour was observable and therefore scientific, and worked on the principle and study of the association between a stimulus and response. Watson did not deny the existence of inner experiences, but insisted that they could not be studied because they were not observable ) Watson’s stimulus and response theory of psychology claimed that all complex forms of behaviour – emotions, habits etc – are seen as composed of simple muscular and glandular elements that can be observed and measured, and that emotional reactions are learned in much the same way. Watson aimed to prove his beliefs with laboratory experiments, and one of these experiments was known as â€Å" The Little Albert Experiment†.Little Albert was a small young boy of about 18 months of age , Young Albert would sit happily on the floor and play with a white rat. Young Albert did not like loud noises, and on the presentation of the rat, scientists would clang two metal rods together behind Young Albert’s head, which resulted in screaming from young Albert. The result of this â€Å" conditioning† experiment was that Alb ert came to associate the rat with fear, and on following presentations of the rat, young Albert displayed considerable fear.Around the turn of the 20th century, another American psychologist Edward Lee Thorndike, investigated how animals learn, in one experiment he placed a cat in a â€Å"puzzle box† and measured the time it took to escape. Over a number of trials, the time taken to escape decreased, and from this observation he developed the â€Å"law of (positive) effect†, which states that any behaviour leading to a positive outcome will tend to be repeated in similar circumstances. If we like the consequences of our actions then the actions are likely to be repeated, this ype of learning was known as operant conditioning . Thorndike’s work was developed by such behaviourist’s such as B. F. Skinner. Skinner approach to psychology was scientific, his views came from Darwin’s theories of evolution. Skinner focused on the environment as a cause fo r human behaviour, he did not think that people acted for moral reasons, believing they reacted in response to their environment. For example: a person might do a good thing not for moral reasons, but for the rewards received for the act.Skinner believed that the mental process was irrelevant. To prove his theories skinner invented what is now referred to as the â€Å" skinner box†. This was a small box with a lever mechanism inside that dispensed a food pellet when pressed. Many experiments were done using this box system, and in one of these experiments a rat was rewarded with a food pellet on every press of a lever ( condition A). In another condition ( condition B ) the rat was only rewarded with a food pellet only sometimes when pressing the lever.They found that rat B pressed the lever much more! Why was this? Because the lever pressing was only occasionally rewarded, it took longer to figure out that in no longer worked. Skinner believed that reinforcement is a key con cept in behaviourism, that it increases the likelihood that an action will be repeated in the future, however, punishment on the other hand, will reduce the likelihood that an action will be repeated. For example: shouting at a child who is behaving in an irritating way, might in fact lead to the behaviour appearing more frequently.The shouting therefore, is seen as reinforcing( providing attention) rather that punishing. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who studied the digestion of dogs, he found that laboratory dogs would salivate at the sight of a food dish, from this he reasoned that the dogs learned an association between the dog bowl and the food it usually contained. In behavioural terms the food ( the unconditioned stimulus or UCS) had been associated with the bowl ( the conditioned stimulus or CS) giving rise to the conditioned response or CR of the dog salivating at the sight of the bowl.In these terms the unconditioned response or UCR would be the dog salivating at the sight of food. In further experiments a bell was continually rung immediately before feeding, Pavlov was able to condition a dog to salivate whenever a bell was rung. After a period of conditioning, Pavlov discovered the dog would salivate at the sound of a bell even if no food was forthcoming, and by pairing the conditioned stimulus of the bell with a light, he could get the dog to salivate at the presentation of the light only, even though the light and the food had never been presented together.This type of conditioning demonstrates how readily behaviour will form predictive associations. This learnt behaviour was called classical conditioning. In terms of human behaviour classical conditioning involves involuntary behaviour such as a fear response, they can be elicited, meaning you can do something that produces an involuntary response. Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviours. Voluntary behaviours are those that cannot be made to happen, meaning that you cannot ge t those behaviours until someone carries them out.Behavioural approaches assume that what is learned may be unlearned, and explains why phobias tend to get worse as time goes on. When you meet you fear, your fear level rises (fight)and so does your level of adrenaline. If you avoid the fear ( flight) you will reduce the fear and your level of adrenaline. This is the connection between your fear and your response to it. The result from this is a maladaptive behaviour, often with an avoidance and a rise in anxiety levels, leading to stress and other ways of behaviour and coping strategies.Social learning theory is another approach to behaviourism of Albert Brandura , it emphasizes the importance of observing and modelling behaviours, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others, Brandura pointed out that much of what we learn is in the consequence of observation, indirect rewards/punishments and modelling. (www. psychology. org) What are the behavioural approaches to therapy? Behaviou ral therapy concentrates on taking away the old responses or conditioning new ones, there are a number of techniques that can be used: * Systematic desensitisation ( experiences in imagination) * In vivo exposure ( experiences in reality)The way in which these techniques work is that it is difficult to feel two opposing states at the same time ie, relaxation and fear. The client will be coached in relaxation techniques and then encouraged to remain relaxed whilst imagining themselves in a mildly frightening situation, once able to do this, they will be encouraged to imagine themselves in a more slightly distressing situation and so on. * Flooding Flooding is a behavioural technique that relies on the idea that it is not possible to maintain a state of fear indefinitely.Flood therapy will expose the client to the fear / situation until their fear drops to normal, the idea that when released from that fear their fear level will drop to a normal and acceptable tolerance. * Selective re inforcement This is based on operant conditioning, and for example: in schools and at home any good behaviour is reinforced by means of reward. * Modelling This makes use of observational learning, the client will watch the therapist/teacher and copy what they do. This gives the opportunity to view adaptive behaviour on which to base a new response. * Cognitive behaviourThis is another approach to psychology, the origin of the word â€Å" cognitive† comes from Latin, which means to â€Å"know and understand†. This perspective is directly linked with the internal mental processes of thought, such as memory, problem-solving, thinking and language. The cognitive psychological perspective is seen as a response to behaviourism because cognitive psychologists see humans as rational beings and not as programmed animals with no ability to think. The study of the mental processes is not observable, which does contrast with â€Å" traditional behaviourists ideas†, which i s to study only observable ways.The focus of cognitive psychologists is the way the brain processes information ( stimuli) received ( input ) which leads to a certain behaviour ( output ). This process is often compared with the computer function, however this comparison is not too coherent because the human mind/brain, is far more advanced than a computer. Humanistic psychologists see this approach as cold because the cognitive psychologists ignore any emotions any individual may have, and may well prove everything in a way that is too clinical.All mental processes are investigated scientifically, which is good to cognitive behaviour. (I apologize that i slightly went off track with the reference to the humanistic approach, but i felt it very relevant to compare a behavioural approach with the humanistic approaches such as Maslow and Rogers) There is a belief in behavioural therapy that human behaviour does not just happen, but is caused by environmental events that cannot be contr olled, and this has been criticised by other approaches for ignoring learning due to evolution.This can also be said about human behaviour and the relevance to food, diet and nutrition. It is a known fact certain foods have chemicals that do alter one’s behaviour, and in the day’s of food being tampered with and injected with growth hormones, one has to be aware of this. It is now at this point in the essay that i will turn to the view of the psychoanalytic one and their view to the behavioural approach in therapy. Psychoanalytic approach to behaviourism One thing that is certain, and that few textbooks of psychology ignore Freud and many are built around his theories† â€Å"Freud’s approach was as logical and his findings as carefully tested as Pavlovs† â€Å"The foundation of Freud’s method-psychic determination and the relentless logic of free association are scientific† â€Å"Freud’s method was to take everything anybody sa id at any time or place regardless of truth or falsity in terms of external reality to be used as basic data in revealing the dynamics of the personality† â€Å"Freud devised a means of diagnosing man’s troubles, not of suppressing them, and the emotions we suppress are the mental equivalents that all is not well within the body† (Freud and the Post Freudians. J. A. C. Brown) Freud, first published his psychoanalytic theory of personality in which the unconscious mind played a crucial role. Freud combined the then current notions of consciousness, perception and memory with the ideas of biologically based instincts, to make a new theory of psychodynamics. Freud’s theory, which forms the basis of the psychodynamic approach, represented a major challenge to behaviourism. Freud’s theory of personality was based on the assumption that all behaviour stems from the unconscious mind.He divided the personality into three different parts, that of the id, the ego and the super-ego, which Freud believed were often in conflict with each other. * The id operates on the pleasure principle seeking immediate gratification. * The ego obeys the reality principle and plans for the future * The super-ego is conscious and makes us aware of our moral standards Freud believed that we all have a stream of psychic energy, he called this constant psychic energy the libido, reflecting that the sex drive was a primary life instinct. If this energy was suppressed, the energy would seek out another outlet, such as in dreams and/or neurotic behaviour. Freud believed we go through several personality developmental stages in the early years of life.He called these stages the psychosexual stages. During each of these stages the pleasure seeking impulses of the id focus on a particular part of the body. The first year of life Freud called the oral stage, whereby babies derived pleasure from sucking and/or nursing. The second stage was termed the anal stage, and Freud believed infants derived pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces. The next stage was the phallic stage where the child derived pleasure from his or her genitals. During the phallic stage the child reached a conflict called the oedipal conflict , whereby Freud believed the anxiety caused was the basis of all later anxieties.The oedipal conflict resolved at the latency period, which lasted from the age of seven to twelve, and during this time children became less concerned with their bodies and turned their attention to life skills, and finally adolescence and puberty brought about the genital stage, which is the mature stage of adult sexuality. Freud placed much emphasis on child development believing that if the child at any given time was denied the gratification needed in each stage, then a maladaptive behaviour was to take place, for example: a man might be hostile towards his boss, an older co-worker, and all other â€Å"parent figures† in his life because h e is unconsciously re-enacting childhood conflicts with an overprotective parent.The psychoanalyst would help the client recognise his hidden, pent up anger toward the parent, experience it, and trace how this unconscious source of continuing anger and the defences around it have been creating problems. (Psychology Bernstein) Freud believed that many clues to the unconscious lie in the constant stream of thoughts, feelings, memories and images experienced by all people. These clues can be uncovered and understood if the client relaxes defences that block or distort the stream of consciousness. Thus, one of the most basic techniques of psychoanalysis is free association, in which the client relaxes, often lying on a couch, reporting everything that comes to mind as soon as it occurs, no matter how trivial, bizarre, or embarrassing it may seem.Clues to the unconscious may appear in the way thoughts are linked, rather than in the thoughts themselves. For example: if the client stops ta lking or claim that their minds are blank, the psychoanalyst may suspect that unconscious defence mechanisms are keeping threatening material out of the consciousness. The interpretation of dreams is another one of Freud’s ideas, and psychoanalysts believe that dreams express wishes, impulses and fantasies that the dreamer’s defences keep unconscious during waking hours. The psychoanalyst will look at the client’s thoughts and behaviours, and will help the client to become aware of all the aspects of their personality, including the defences and the unconscious material behind them.The basic strategy is to construct accurate accounts of what has happened to the client ( but has been â€Å" forgotten†) and what is happening to the client ( but is not understood), and in this way help the client to see their maladaptive behaviour towards their life. â€Å"The psychodynamic approach emphasizes internal conflicts, mostly unconscious, which usually pit sexual or aggressive instincts against environmental obstacles to their expression†( Psychology Bernstein) â€Å"The psychodynamic approach holds, that all behaviour and mental processes, reflect constant and mostly unconscious struggles within each person. Usually these struggles involve conflict between the impulse to satisfy instincts or wishes( for food, sex or aggression for example ) and the restrictions imposed by society.From this perspective, a display of violence ( or hostility, or even anxiety)reflects the breakdown of civilizing defences against the expression of primitive urges â€Å"(Psychology Bernstein) â€Å" the psychodynamic approach assumes that if clients gain insight into underlying problems, the symptoms created by those problems will disappear† ( Psychology Bernstein) Conclusion Although there are clear divisions in these two approaches, there is a case that the perspectives and the research, have contributed a great deal to understanding human behav iour. Therefore it is worth remembering that psychology is a dynamic science and new theories and experiments are conducted every day.As technology advances so does the field of psychology, and the study of human behaviour needs to be with the use of all the approaches that are available, whether it be behaviourism, psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, Jungian, humanistic, integrated or whatever the approach that is being used. After all, we are all unique, and one cap certainly does not fit all! However, because the classical psychoanalytic treatment may require as many as three to five sessions per week, usually over several years the cost is of consideration both in private practice and within the national health system, and this may well reflect the reason why the behavioural approach of CBT/REBT is widely used within such quarters. ( Psychology Bernstein) REFERENCES First steps in counselling Sanders 2010 Freud and the Post Freudians J. A. C. Brown 1985 www. psychology. org Psycholog y Third Edition Bernstein, Stewart, Roy, Srull, Wickers 1994

Critical thinking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical thinking - Assignment Example This might be one of the reasons the company is not growing as Henry seems to be micromanaging which is in the process stifling the organization he is trying to build. The very management style that is employed by Henry, the very management style that was critical in taking the company off the ground which is evidently based on a zealous focus on tactical execution is evidently derailing the growth of the company down the line. In this case, Henry is lost in the heat of battle, and has evidently failed to adapt their management style to the rapidly evolving needs of their growing organizations. A quick look at the organization structure and going by Henry’s responses, one would easily reveal the problem instantly. Providing his personal review of invoices before they were sent to customers is part of the problem which like he says cuts into a lot of time. Compounding this problem is the fact that the office is open which does not give him a place where to concentrate on the type of

Ecobeach Eco-tourism Operation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ecobeach Eco-tourism Operation - Essay Example It involves the activities of educating tourists and the provision of funds for the purpose of the environments preservation (Frisch and Johannsen, 2004). The major purpose of carrying out these activities is to aid in the protection of nature and to empower the locals politically. It also assists in fostering the economic growth of a country and the reverence for the different cultures along with the right’s of humans. The major aim of eco tourism is to preserve nature so that the coming generations can enjoy environments that are safe and habitable (Fennel and Dowling, 2003). Tourism on the other hand is the activity of organizing the commercial operation of vocations and places that are of interest to the visitors in an area. Most people view the process of making improvements on the environment as the duty of the local authorities, the nongovernmental organizations dealing in protection of the environment and other profit making organizations dealing with the matter. Eco b eaches are those beaches where environmental protection efforts have been done on them to ensure that nature, the community and the visitors all benefit. 1.1 Background information The importance of ecotourism has been put to consideration by different environmentalists who desire to conserve the environment for the coming generations. Their efforts focus on the charitable sustainability of our surroundings. Tourism entails visiting areas where flowers, fauna and artistic traditions are the major appeals for commercial reasons (Zeppel, 2006). The major goal of this practice is to enhance the tourists views on the impacts of mans activities on his surroundings. It also aids in enabling... The paper tells that the importance of ecotourism has been put to consideration by different environmentalists who desire to conserve the environment for the coming generations. Their efforts focus on the charitable sustainability of our surroundings. Tourism entails visiting areas where flowers, fauna and artistic traditions are the major appeals for commercial reasons. The major goal of this practice is to enhance the tourists views on the impacts of mans activities on his surroundings. It also aids in enabling people to appreciate their natural homes better. Among the activities that these programs carry out aim at reducing the harm tourism causes on the surroundings and enhance the artistic honor of the locals. The international target market of choice for the beach eco tourism operation at Kimberly are visitors from all around the globe. The visitors to the beach all come from different cultures with different convictions, approaches and values to life and nature. The chosen int ernational market requires to be in a safe environment with fresh waters. They also require high quality and safe supplies of the products on offer from the beach resorts they visit. There should be provision of adequate and standard accommodation to handle any number of visitors who decide to visit the beach. Provision of all the adequate amenities in the visitors accommodation areas should be put into consideration before advertising the premises. The wants and needs of the target market should enable the management of the tourist operations to determine what to produce.

Operation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operation management - Essay Example At this point, it is good to elaborate some combined leadership and management activities in an operation, such as choosing a job design and work measurement. Managing people is an operation concept that is required to be established in every organization aimed at achieving competitive advantage, especially in today’s tough competition in industry. Apple Incorporated has successfully created its market share not just because of considering other important operational moves, marketing initiatives, good financial performance, but most primarily on how it handles its human resource particularly on managing people. Apple is not only good at creating innovative products for its product differentiation strategy, but also at its ability to managing or leading people, with close details on setting tasks, responsibilities, work performance, work conditions and general skills. Based on the research paper done about Apple, being good at its management function activity, the Apple Incorpo rated in its actual practice always integrates its initiatives to consider people skills and their ability to create highly innovative products. ... has given the job description especially in the product research and manufacturing department to create a significant product design that must be something new in the market. At this point, it should not be impossible for Apple to establish a promising market for smartphones and other products, as it strongly believes the potential of its human resource to formulate the finest products in its industry. This is due to the fact that the company is not only good at creating needs for its offerings; it also ensures that the job description of its human resource fits to its actual strategy of product differentiation. Now, it is, therefore, important that Apple must have substantially managed how it sets tasks for its human resource. Setting tasks requires careful implementation of systematic process of achieving immediate goals and objectives. After all, this should have high link with certain level of responsibilities. On the other hand, considering the fact that Apple wants to lead in i ts industry, implementing a high quality performance within its human resource is not just an obligation that everyone must come to realize, but an actual requirement for the company’s competitive edge. Now that everyone at Apple has specialized skills, the more the human resource will obtain a high opportunity for increase productivity, as the company continues to look forward to advance in the market by creating a need for its new innovative product offerings. Finally, setting tasks, responsibilities, work performances, work conditions and others are not just the actual activities Apple Incorporated must initiate. Another important function that it must establish under its ability to cope with change and complexities is the actual work measurement. As a company trying to lead in its

Constitutional and Administrative Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Constitutional and Administrative Law - Essay Example Out of the three mentioned above the parliamentary sovereignty is the elementary principle which guides the action of the constitution. The root of the doctrine is in the political events of the late seventeenth century and the legal hypothesis propounded by Professor Dicey (Loveland, I, 2006, pp. 21-93.). The Parliament is a sovereign law creator and thus has the power to either make or unmake any law. According to Dicey (1885:39-40), â€Å"Parliamentary sovereignty means Parliament has the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and, further, that no person or body is recognized by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament†(Turpin, C. & Tomkins, A, 2007, p.40). Thus this doctrine entails that there is no law which is higher than the Act of Parliament. The Human Rights Act 1998 contributed the European Rule on Human Rights into UK domestic law. Section 3 of the Act produces an informational responsibility for the courts. It calls for all Acts of Parliament to be understood in a manner which is well-suited with the Convention rights. The informational powers of the courts can change the meaning of legislation when the circumstances demand for it, even though it may be clear that such an intrepretation is against the intention of the legislature. In cases of discrepancy the courts are handed the opening to make a proclamation of repugnance (section 4 of the Act)( http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1998/19980042.htm accessed on 13th August 2009..) The Human Rights Act 1998 also disputed the querry of whether it is reliable to the principle of Parliamentary sovereignty. Even if it is feasible for the parliament to revoke or alter the Act, it can certainly be said that parliament can not break out from the force which the public opinion o n Human Rights puts on it. According to Elliot "it will become much rarer for legislation to contradict human

Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Scholarship Essay Example To make matters worse, soon after my divorce, I had to move back in with my parents only to have to face a family tragedy. My parents died within 18 months of each other soon after. They left behind a sizable debt which I now have to contend with paying. All of these amount to me coming to my wits end. How will it be possible for me to continue with my life and honor my financial obligations if I do not have the kind of job that will allow me the kind of income to do so? After much soul searching, I finally found the answer. I decided to quit my job of nine years in order to save what I could of the little money that my parents left me to spend on pursuing the completion of my Business Administration degree. I felt like I had no choice but to resign from my job because it was not really serving its full purpose as a significant source of income for my family needs and financial obligations now that my parents were no longer around to help me out financially. Some people may say I am stupid for leaving a job that was paying me, even if it was only a pittance. But then again, holding on to that job was preventing me from retraining myself in order to achieve a higher goal. My full concentration is now set on completing my college degree and eventually pursuing an MBA. However, my finances are still quite strapped, which is why I have come to the Neal, Thomas James, and Lynnie Rice Neal Scholarship foundation for help. With a GPA of 3.75, I realize that I will be in a cut-throat competition with the other applicants. But the foundation will not be sorry if the scholarship is awarded to me. I know the value of a good education because I am the only member of my family to ever attend college. And I fully intend to use every opportunity that I can in order to achieve the greatness in life that I know I was meant for. All I am asking for, is a helping hand. I am hoping that your foundation will be one to give me the leg up that I need to get

Business Law - land law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law - land law - Case Study Example By its very nature, a claim of adverse possession is hostile to the claims of other persons. It cannot be hidden but must be open and notorious in order to put other persons on notice as to one's claim for possession of the real estate. A claim to title by adverse possession often must be made under color of title. Color of title means a claim to title by way of a fact which, although on its face appears to support a person's claim to title, is in some way defective and falls short of actually establishing title to the real estate. An example of a claim made under color of title would be a deed whose execution was defective or is in question. Another example is a claim arising from another person's Last Will and Testament. Yet another common example is where two or more persons have received separate deeds to the same parcel of real estate." Black's Law (2006). "Unknown to the owner, a third person - a "squatter" - may be in illegal and unauthorized occupation of a far corner of the land parcel. If nothing is done to remove him, after a certain period of time the squatter may eventually acquire legal rights over the land parcel, or part of it. Further, questions may arise as to the relationship between the formal owner of the land parcel, often a male, and other family members. What interests, if any, do women and other members of the owner's family hold in the land" Hodgson (2004). Second, does he have a reason to believe that he has a right to be there and keep the land Hill Bob may have been given a portion of the land through title in a last will and testament. Third, how many years has he actually lived on the land Hill Bob would be able to claim adverse possession of a portion of the land if it were obvious that he could support that claim. In Colorado, the duration of such possession is seven (7) years if the claimant claims under color of title. If the claimant does not make his/her claim under color of title, the duration of possession is eighteen (18) years. Colorado Code 38-41-101, 108, 109. Fourth, has he ever been told by a previous owner that in exchange for work completed to the land, a portion of the land belonged to him in exchange For example in a different state, the person claiming must past three tests. "Under the Limitations Act in Ontario, an owner's title to land can be extinguished by the adverse possession of another person for a period of 10 years. In order for an adverse possession claim to succeed, the person claiming the disputed land must meet three tests. Throughout the entire 10-year period, he or she must have:had actual exclusive, open, and visible possession,had the intention to exclude the true owner from possession, and effectively excluded the true owner from possession." Aaron (2002) In summary, if Tim sued Hill Bill and Hill Bill has been in possession of the

What are the strengths and weaknesses of seeing organizations as Essay

What are the strengths and weaknesses of seeing organizations as purely rational configurations - Essay Example In simple terms, a rational society system entails specificity of objective and formalization. Objective plan provides guiding principle for particular tasks to be accomplished along with a regulated allocation of resources whereas formalization endeavored to standardize managerial behavior. The aim of rationalization is the end former bureaucratic way of running organizations. The anatomy of the bureaucratic regime was characterized by well-structure line of command, specific job regulations, division of labor, impersonality, etc. (Bennis, 2001). These are the specific areas that rationalization confronts, and all through the approach has been facilitated by innumerable strengths in rationally configured organizations. However, there has not been anything as absolute or â€Å"pure† rationalization, for even Taylor- the founder of rationalization did not declare any purely or absolutely rational society (Mackenzie-Gonzalez, n.d). Rationalization has also drawn some prevalent weaknesses. In this essay, I seek to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of organizations perceived to rationally configured together with journey of rationalization. In this regard, the areas to be considered include rational human replacement with technology, perception of rational managem ent and linear system, rational predictability, and the rational calculability. In order to have a coherent understanding of the discussions of the weaknesses and strengths of perceiving an organization as purely rational, it is paramount to describe the journey the rationalization process. The organization in the past was characterized by bureaucracy and as it is well illustrated by Weber’s typology of an organization. In particular, Max Weber was apprehensive with what he regarded as the most rational structure of the organization, the bureaucracy, and the influence embedded in it. He then noted that bureaucracies, preceding the industrialization,